ʔ

-ʔ   afx. absolutive. Morph: absolutive.

-ʔ   afx. future. Morph: future.

-ʔ   afx. imperative. Morph: imperative.

-ʔ   afx. accusative case. Morph: accusative case on some noun themes.

-ʔa   afx. diminutive. Morph: diminutive.

ʔa/   prn-theme. third person. singular genitive: ʔan. dual genitive: ʔankin. plural genitive: ʔanikʼ.

-ʔ...a   afx. consequent agentive. Morph: consequent agentive.

-ʔačʼ   afx. neutral agentive. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔačʼa·wiš   prt. tonight. Morph: temporal particle. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔacʼa·wis 'in a short while'

ʔačʼew   prt. near, close, short. šaxathay ʔam wɨxnat ʔačʼew tixaʔtanʼa A twined basket is not very closely woven. ʔamaʔ tʰaštiw ʔamaʔ tʰanši ʔačʼew ʔanikʼ ṭʰe·ʔiw And he went to them all then went near to their house. ʔačʼew čʼatkʼin short turn. Note: Related languge Chukchansi ʔo·čʼi

ʔačʼinʔiy   n. near. čʰan ʔačʼinʔiy xo·ʔotʰ yow tʰašti tʼuyšu Soon they were near and he shot them all. Morph: medio-passive consequent adjunctive. Note: Related language Chukchansi ʔo·čʼi

ʔačʼmuʔ   n. new. See: hačʼa·muʔ. Note: Possible a short form of hačʼa·muʔ

ʔaǯkʼit   n. mole.

ʔah   interjection. oh! ʔah hiyam tʰa tʰaxinši Oh, he has already come. ʔah hiyam tʰaw tʰanši Oh, he already went there. Morph: interjective particle.

ʔahančʰinat   v. want to cry. underlying form: #ʔahan -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔahanšit/   n-theme. cry for x. aorist: ʔahništʰaš. durative aorist: ʔahanšitʰaš. future: ʔahanšitʰ. underlying form: #ʔahan -šitʰ. Morph: indirective.

ʔahanšitʰ   v. will cry for x. underlying form: ʔahanšitʰ/ -0. Morph: future.

ʔahanšitʰaš   v. cried for x. underlying form: ʔahanšitʰ/ -š. Morph: aorist.

ʔahanwaš   v. will cry for each other, will cry for oneself. underlying form: ʔahanwaš/ -0. Morph: future.

ʔahanʔiy   n. place to cry. underlying form: #ʔahan -ʔiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔahaṭʰ   v. demand. Note: Related langauge Yawelmani ʔahaṭʰ 'to ask for, beg, demand'

ʔahaʔna   n. one who always cries. tʰa witʰep ʔahaʔna The baby cries all the time. underlying form: #ʔahan -ʔ...a. Morph: consequent agentive nominative case.

ʔahaʔni   v. make x cry. underlying form: #ʔahan -i. Morph: causative.

ʔaha·ničʼ   n. person who cries for the dead, person who prays at mourning ceremonies. underlying form: #ʔahan -ačʼ. Morph: neutral agentive nominative case.

ʔahin   v. will cry. ʔahin nihiʔ I will cry. underlying form: #ʔahan -0. Morph: future.

ʔahin   v. cry! underlying form: #ʔahan -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔahinši   v. cried, crying already. hiyam ʔahinši You are crying already. underlying form: #ʔahan -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔahmut   prt. expected, it is expected. ʔahmut tʰaxnat We expected someone would come. Morph: modal particle. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔahmun

ʔahna   n. crying. underlying form: #ʔahan -0 -a. Morph: neutral verbal noun accusative case.

ʔahnačʼ   n. crier. underlying form: #ʔahan -ačʼ. Morph: neutral agentive nominative.

ʔahnaš   v. was crying. underlying form: #ʔahan -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔahnat   v. am crying. underlying form: #ʔahan -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔahništʰaš   v. cried for x. underlying form: ʔahanšitʰ/ -aš. Morph: indirective aorist.

ʔahniwšaš   v. cried for each other, cried for oneself. underlying form: ʔahanwaš/ -aš. Morph: aorist.

ʔakayčʼi   n. one who pulls something from a deep place. ʔamaʔ hiyam tʰawaṭʰčʰinat ʔamaʔ hawaʔčay ʔan kʰe·šikʰ tʰaw wa·kʼaš ʔakayčʼi And he wanted to die and he barely got his portion under his fingernails by pulling it from a deep place. underlying form: #ʔaka·y -čʼ -i. Morph: neutral agentive accusative case.

ʔakeshi   n. uncles. underlying form: ʔake·si/ -h -i. Morph: oblique plural accusative case.

ʔake·si   n. uncles. underlying form: ʔa·kas/ -i -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔake·si/   n. uncles, mother's brothers. nominative: ʔake·si. accusative: ʔakeshi.

ʔakʰamʼ   prt. uncertain, guess. hin ʔakʰamʼ hiʔ tʰaxin I guess he will come. Variant: ʔakʼam. Morph: a particle denoting a degree of uncertainty often meaning 'guess, maybe, probably'. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔaxamʼ 'probably, it is to be believed that' Chukchansi ʔuk 'maybe'

ʔakʼinši   nearly.

prt. xew naʔ ʔakʼinši I'm nearly there.

ʔalinaʔ   n. flour. hawšun tʰaw ʔanikʼ hawitnay ʔanikʼ tʰaw hiyʼa tʰaŋ tɨʔsa ʔanikʼ ʔohoʔot ʔalinaʔ Later they get however much they want to make their flour. From: Spanish harina.

ʔalo·saʔ   n. rice. From: Spanish arroz. Variant: ʔalo·šaʔ.

ʔalo·šaʔ   n. rice. Variant: ʔala·soʔ.

ʔalpʰatʰi   n. alfalfa. From: Spanish alfalfa.

ʔam   prt. no, not, without. ʔam wɨxnat wəʔə·haṭʼ It's not too tall. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔɔhɔm Chukchansi ʔuhomʼ Chukchansi ʔohomʼ 'not' (NAS)

ʔama   prt. and. Variant: ʔamaʔ.

ʔamačʰa·niʔ   prt. but. Morph: a contraction of ʔamaʔ "and" + čʰa·niʔ "only".

ʔaman   prt. because.

ʔamatwaš   v. help each other. ʔamatwaš naʔakʼ hiʔ We will help each other. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -waš. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal.

ʔamaʔ   conj. and, then. ʔamaʔ xew tʰihinʼ xo·ʔoxiʔ And they are living there. Morph: conjunction. Variant: ʔama.

ʔama·taš   v. was helping. ʔama·taš naʔ I was helping. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔama·tat   v. is helping. ʔama·tat naʔ tʰaŋ I am helping him. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔama·tičʼ   n. helper. underlying form: ʔama·tičʼ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔama·tičʼ/   n-theme. helper. nominative: ʔama·tičʼ. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔama·tit   v. will help. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -t. Morph: future.

ʔamhaŋačʰ   n. dull. Morph: a contraction of ʔam 'not' + haŋačʰ 'sharp'.

ʔamhawtaw   prt. never, not ever. Morph: A contraction of ʔam 'not' +hawtaw 'ever'.

ʔamithačʼ   n. those who always need help. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -h- -ačʼ. Morph: non-singular agentive nominative case.

ʔamithačʼta   v. asks for help. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -h -ačʼ -ta. Morph: non-singular neutral agentive causative.

ʔamithatši   v. making x help over and over again. wɨxat naʔ tʰaŋ ʔamithatši I made him help a lot of times. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -hat -ši. Morph: plural aorist.

ʔamithaṭʼta   n. one who always wants to be helped, someone who does nothing for themselves. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -haṭʼ -ta. Morph: plural causative.

ʔampʼupʼaʔ   n. large, bluish species of scorpion.

ʔamta   n. help. ʔoho·ʔot naʔ min nan ʔamta I want you to help me. ʔə·kʼaš maʔ ʔan nan ʔamta You saw him helping me. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -0. Morph: neutral verbal noun accusative case.

ʔamtat   v. might help. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -at. Morph: dubitative.

ʔamta·tʰa   v. making x help. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -ta -tʰa. Morph: causative durative present.

ʔamtin   v. will help. ʔamtin nihiʔ I'll help. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -in. Morph: future.

ʔan   prn. his, hers, its. ʔan čʰə·šaš his dog. xi ʔan tʰa ʔo·šutʰ This is the one he stole. maxa·ʔat ʔan ho·pʰut They get its roots. underlying form: ʔa/ -n. Morph: third person singular genitive.

ʔananwaš/   n-theme. cry for oneself. aorist: ʔahniwšaš. future: ʔahanwaš. underlying form: #ʔahan -waš. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal.

ʔana·pʰat   v. splitting basket material. tʰakʰaʔkʰaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔana·pʰat They are splitting redbud. underlying form: ʔa·napʰ/ -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔanikʰ   prn. their. Variant: ʔanikʼ.

ʔanikʼ   prn. their. underlying form: ʔa/ -n -ikʼ. Morph: third person plural genitive case. Variant: ʔanikʰ.

ʔaniya   n. ring. underlying form: ʔaniya/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔaniya/   n-theme. ring, band. nominative: ʔaniya. neutral agentive: ʔaniyčʼiw. From: Spanish anillo.

ʔaniyčʼiw   n. on that which was made a ring. ʔamaʔ tʰa ʔaxiʔčʰi xew ṭʰipʰin ʔaniyčʼiw ʔan ʔotʼyiŋiṭʰ And the ring around the top of the cradleboard is decorated that way. underlying form: ʔaniya/ -čʼ -iw. Morph: neutral agentive, locative case.

ʔankin   prn. theirs (those two). ʔošʔaš ʔankin Those two stealing repeatedly. underlying form: ʔa/ -n -kʼ -in. Morph: third person dual genitive case.

ʔantʰaw   prt. when.

-ʔ...anʼa   afx. passive verbal noun. Morph: passive verbal noun.

ʔanʼumʼ   prt. at least. Morph: conjunctive particle. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔanʼumʼ

ʔaŋaš   n. burden basket. underlying form: ʔaŋaš/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔaŋaš/   n-theme. burden basket, coned shaped basket. nominative: ʔaŋaš. locative: ʔaŋašiw. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔanas, Chukchansi ʔannaš

ʔaŋašiw   n. on the burden basket. underlying form: ʔanaš/ -iw. Morph: locative case. Variant: ʔaŋa·šiw.

ʔaŋaṭʰwat   v. dream. ʔaŋaṭʰwat ʔan her dream. ʔamaʔ tʰaw tʰihinʼ maxa·ʔat ʔanikʼ tiyʼmʼayʼxay hiyam tʰašti hiyam ʔinešʔin ʔaŋaṭʰwat ʔanikʼ Then they get whatever power has been made good for them in their dream. underlying form: ʔaŋaṭʰwat/ -0. Morph: neutral verbal noun nominative case.

ʔaŋaṭʰwat/   v-theme. dream. durative present: ʔaŋaṭʰwattʰa. aorist: ʔaŋaṭʰwatši. neutral verbal noun: ʔaŋaṭʰwat. Morph: perhaps a-witi verb form? see ʔaŋaṭʰat "dreaming". Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔanaṭwal/ "dream (about) Chukchansi ʔanaswolʼ "dream" Chukchansi ʔanaswotʰ (NAS)

ʔaŋaṭʰwatši   v. dreamt. underlying form: ʔaŋaṭʰwat/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔaŋaṭʰwattʰa   v. dreaming. hawtaw tʰihinʼ ʔaŋaṭʰwattʰa ʔiniša ha·ʔatʰaw ʔamaʔ hantʰaw tʰašti wittʰa ʔamaʔ tʰa ʔanikʼ po·saʔ When they dream well, whatever the dream tells them, then that is their power. underlying form: ʔaŋaṭʰwat/ -tʰa. Morph: durative present. See: ʔaŋaṭʰat.

ʔaŋa·šiw   n. in burden basket. Variant: ʔaŋašiw.

ʔaŋiṭʰwahnitʰ   n. away from the doctors. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰawi -h- -nitʰ. Morph: plural ablative case. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰawhinitʰ.

ʔaŋṭʰat   v. dreaming. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ha·ŋi tʰaw wita ʔanikʼ tʰa po·saʔ ʔaŋṭʰat ʔanikʼ And whatever they dream they do by their power. Morph: durative present. See: ʔaŋaṭʰwattʰa.

ʔaŋṭʰaw   n. doctors. ʔaŋṭʰaw hintʰaw ʔotʼoy ʔanikʼ mononhay xoʔo·xiʔ pʰata·wʼiw The doctors around there put there belongings in the cave. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -0. Morph: nominative case. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰuw.

ʔaŋṭʰawhi   n. doctors. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ hiyam ŋawši ʔaŋṭʰawhi I see the doctors arrived already. wakʼiyši naʔ mam xiŋ ʔaŋṭʰawhi I gave you this "doctors". Note: Consultant is telling me she has already given me the word "ʔaŋṭʰawhi" underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰawi/ -h- -i. Morph: plural accusative case. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰiwha.

ʔaŋṭʰawhin   n. doctors'. ʔaŋṭʰawhin pʰuṭʰoŋ doctors' hands. ʔamaʔ xoʔ ʔanikʼ tʰaw ʔaŋṭʰawhin mononhay ṭʼiʔiw hantʰaw And that is where the doctorsʼ belongings and whatever else is. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰawi/ -h- -in. Morph: plural genitive case. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰawhiʔin.

ʔaŋṭʰawhinitʰ   n. away from the doctors. tʰanši naʔ xe·nitʰ ʔaŋṭʰawhinitʰ I walked away from the doctors. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰawi/ -h- -initʰ. Morph: plural ablative case. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰiwhanitʰ.

ʔaŋṭʰawhiŋ   n. doctors. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰawi/ -h- -iŋ. Morph: plural dative case.

ʔaŋṭʰawhiʔin   n. doctors'. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰawhin.

ʔaŋṭʰawi   n. doctors. tʰaxinši xew ʔaŋṭʰawi The doctors are here. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰawi/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔaŋṭʰawi/   n-theme. doctors. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw -i. nominative: ʔaŋṭʰawi. accusative: ʔaŋṭʰawhi. genitive: ʔaŋṭʰawhin. dative: ʔaŋṭʰawhiŋ. ablative: ʔaŋṭʰawhinitʰ. ablative: ʔaŋiṭʰwahnitʰ.

ʔaŋṭʰiwha   n. doctors. tʰanšitʰši naʔ ʔaŋṭʰiwha I went for the doctors. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -h- -a. Morph: plural oblique accusative case. See: ʔaŋṭʰawhi.

ʔaŋṭʰuw   n. doctor. Note: One of traditional ways of doctoring (pʰe·sa) included the doctor dancing for the patient. Here is Cecile's account of Doctor Dancing: 0. ʔaŋṭʰuw kʰamʼa·ʔačʼ 1. kʰamʼa·ʔačʼ xošošit ŋeʔwaw teyaw ʔan kʰamʼa ʔɨtkʰačʼi ʔan tʰaŋ xo·šoxiš 2. ʔamaʔ šiʔčʰin čʰanʼiʔ kʰamʼe·na meṭʰ tʰa·nitʰ ʔušitʰ hotʼo·ʔoniš 3. ʔamaʔ ʔɨtkʰačʼi ʔan tʰaštin ʔan ʔɨtkʰat ʔo·mo ʔan ʔuyyu ʔɨtkʰat ʔan ʔɨtkʰa wɨxi ṭʰaʔaṭʰi ʔoʔčiʔičʼ kʼunimʔin ʔoštʰo xo·ʔoxiʔ 4. yetʼ mukʼiš tʰaŋ ye·tʼaw wuwo·tat tʰaŋ ʔɨtakʰičʼ mukʼiš 5. ʔamaʔ ṭʰaʔaṭʰi maxa·ʔat ʔoʔče·ʔičʼa kʰamʼta·tʰa tʰašti wakʼyaŋiṭʰ kʰə·xaŋ 6. ʔamaʔ kʰa·mʼakʰimʼ mukʼe·ši yow kʰuhuṭʼhat kʰa·mʼakʰimʼ tʰoyonʼow waʔ kʰamʼa wɨxnat šalʼalʼwita 7. ʔamaʔ čʰuŋo·huy ʔan ʔɨtkʰa ʔɨtkʰat teyaw ʔopʰotiyin tʰašikʼ tʰaʔan čʰuŋo·tat 8. pʰuṭʰo·ŋaw ʔan wačamʼ ṭʼowʼoʔonʼa wačamʼ ʔan tɨʔasanʼa tʼičʼpʰin pʼa·tin yow ʔan ǯux toʔṭʼow ʔotʼoywišat 9. ʔamaʔ ʔan waliṭʰ ṭʰutṭʰuṭʰŋi tɨʔasanʼa 10. ʔamaʔ ʔan yow čʰuŋiš ʔotʼoywišat tʰa·ŋi 11. nahni pʰisa·ʔat čʰɨxɨčʰina ʔan kʰamʼa tʰoyonʼow tʰihin tuyta·tʰa ṭʰaʔaṭʰi yow kʰo·pʰi 0. Doctor Dancer 1. The dancer painted at evening before his dancing, singers did the painting. 2. It will cool soon away from the big bonfire and they will dance. 3. Then the singers sing their song, when the starter starts the singing a lot of people sit around the bonfire and watch. 4. One of the women singers stands up with him. 5. The people get the watchers to dance by giving them money. 6. Then the women and men make a dance, dancing at night long until early morning. 7. And they finish singing their last song before the sun comes up. 8. He has a doctoring wand in his hand, his wand is made of a bird feather and his headress in put on his head. 9. And his necklace is made with abalone shells. 10. And he also has his apron on with it. 11. Sometimes his dancing at night is for a sick person, they feed the people including coffee. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -0. Morph: nominative case. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰaw.

ʔaŋṭʰuw/   n-theme. doctor. nominative: ʔaŋṭʰuw. accusative: ʔaŋuṭʰwa. genitive: ʔaŋuṭʰwun. dative: ʔaŋuṭʰwaŋ. ablative: ʔaŋuṭʰwanitʰ. locative: ʔaŋuṭʰwaw. Pl: ʔaŋṭʰawi. decendent: ʔaŋuṭʰmam. See: ʔaŋaṭʰwat/ "to dreamʼ. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔanṭʰuw

ʔaŋṭʰuwhanitʰ   n. away from the doctors. Variant: ʔaŋṭʰawhinitʰ.

ʔaŋuṭʰmam   n. deceased doctor. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -mam. Morph: decedent.

ʔaŋuṭʰwa   n. doctor. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔaŋuṭʰwanitʰ   n. away from the doctor. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -anitʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔaŋuṭʰwaŋ   n. doctor. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -aŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔaŋuṭʰwaw   n. at the doctor. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -aw. Morph: locative case. Phon: final [w] is voiceless [ʔaŋuṭʰwaw̥]

ʔaŋuṭʰwun   n. doctor's. underlying form: ʔaŋṭʰuw/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔapat   n. seive. underlying form: ʔapa·t/ -0. Variant: ʔaputʰ. Morph: nominative case and accusative case.

ʔapa·t/   n-theme. seive, seed beater, fish basket. nominative: ʔapat. accusative: ʔapat. genitive: ʔapa·tin. dative: ʔapa·tiŋ. ablative: ʔapa·tinitʰ. locative: ʔapa·tiw. Pl: ʔapithat.

ʔapa·tin   n. seive's. underlying form: ʔapa·t/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔapa·tinitʰ   n. from the seive. underlying form: ʔapa·t/ -initʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔapa·tiŋ   n. seive. underlying form: ʔapa·t/ -iŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔapa·tiw   n. at the seive, in the seive. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ṭʰe·ʔiw tʰantiʔin ʔotʼyit tʰihinʼ ʔanikʼ ʔapa·tiw Then they will take it into the house putting it in their seive. underlying form: ʔapa·t/ -iw. Morph: locative case.

ʔapithat   n. seives. underlying form: ʔapa·t/ -hat -0. Morph: plural, nominative case.

ʔapṭʰuw   n. manzanita. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔapṭuw Chukchansi ʔapsulʼ Chukchansi ʔapʰsuʔ (NAS) Variant: ʔuṭʰu.

ʔaputʰ   n. seed beater, fish scoop, fish carrier. Variant: ʔapat.

ʔapʰa·ʔat   v. putting on one's back. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔa·pʰa·/ 'carry s.o. on one's back' Chukchansi ʔa·pʼat 'carry a person on one's back' (nas)

-ʔaš   afx. precative gerundial. Morph: precative gerundial.

-ʔaš   afx. durative aorist. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔašašwaš   v. will bite one's self. underlying form: #ʔašaš -waš -0. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal future.

ʔaša·šičʼ   n. one who bites. underlying form: #ʔašaš -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive nominative case.

ʔašišŋiṭʰ   v. will be bitten by x. underlying form: #ʔašaš -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: passive future.

ʔašša   n. biting. naʔ tʰaŋ ʔɨkʼa·ʔaš ʔan ʔašša I saw him biting him. underlying form: ʔašša/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔašša/   n-theme. biting. accusative: ʔašša. underlying form: #ʔašaš -a. Morph: neutral verbal noun.

ʔaššačʰinat   v. want to bite. underlying form: #ʔašaš -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔaššaš   v. was biting. underlying form: #ʔašaš -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔaššašwitaš   v. was biting ones self. underlying form: #ʔašaš -šiw -ta -š. Morph: non-directive gerundial reflexive-reciprocal causative aorist. Variant: ʔaššišwitaš.

ʔaššat   v. biting. underlying form: #ʔašaš -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔaššin   v. will bite. underlying form: #ʔašaš -in. Morph: future.

ʔaššiši   v. bit. underlying form: #ʔašaš -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔaššišwitaš   v. x made y bite x. underlying form: #ʔašaš -waš -ta -š. Morph: non-directive gerundial reflexive-reciprocal causative aorist. Variant: ʔaššašwitaš.

ʔaššitʰ   v. was bitten. underlying form: #ʔašaš -itʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔaššiwšahčʰinat   v. want to bite each other. underlying form: #ʔašaš -waš -hačʰin -at. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal desiderative durative present.

ʔaššiwšaš   v. bit self. ʔaššiwšaš naʔ I bit myself. underlying form: #ʔašaš -iwš -aš. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal durative aorist.

ʔašuka/   n-theme. sugar. nominative: ʔašukaʔ. genitive: ʔašukiʔin. dative: ʔašukaŋ. Note: Related langauge Chukchansi su·kalaʔ (NAS) From: Span azucar.

ʔašukaŋ   n. sugar. xoʔo·ši nimikʼ ʔašukiŋ ʔamaʔ naʔan hukuyʔin tʰaŋ ʔašukaŋ to·yatiy yow čaʔaʔpa tʰaŋ kʰuyoŋ hokʰyat When we have some sugar then we mix it with that and eat it or mix it with some salt. underlying form: ʔašuka/ -ŋ. Morph: dative case. Variant: ʔašukiŋ.

ʔašukaʔ   n. sugar. kʼaṭʰu ʔanikʼ tʰa ʔašukaʔ hiya·mʼu They didn't have sugar long ago. underlying form: ʔašuka/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔašukiŋ   n. sugar. xoʔo·ši nimikʼ ʔašukiŋ ʔamaʔ naʔan hukuyʔin tʰaŋ ʔašukaŋ to·yatiy yow čaʔaʔpa tʰaŋ kʰuyoŋ hokʰyat When we have some sugar then we mix it with that and eat it or mix it with some salt. underlying form: ʔašuka/ -ŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔašukiʔin   n. sugar's. underlying form: ʔašuka/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

-ʔat   afx. durative present. Morph: durative present.

ʔatayši   v. raped. underlying form: #ʔatay -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔata·tʰut   v. lick. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔa·latʼ Chukchansi ʔaltʼeʔ

ʔatit   n. down. ʔamaʔ ʔatit ʔattin tʰašti ʔamaʔ xo·ʔoxiʔ paʔṭʰawtin tʰašti ʔacʼew ʔankin ʔoštʰo Then it sat down near the fighting onesʼ fire. underlying form: ʔatit/ -0. Morph: nominative case. Variant: ʔatʼit.

ʔatit/   n-theme. down, under, below. nominative: ʔatit. genitive: ʔattin. locative: ʔatitaw. medio-passive: ʔattin. Pl: ʔatithat. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔatil Chukchansi ʔatilʼ (NAS)

ʔatitaw   n. to the bottom. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ maxta·tʰa wakʼ hinwit ʔatitaw ŋawit And they sent him to get whatever he could when he got to the bottom. underlying form: ʔatit/ -aw. Morph: locative case.

ʔatithat   n. down, under. underlying form: ʔatit/ -hat. Morph: plural.

ʔattin   n. down. hawšun ʔattin xo·ʔoxiʔ How many are down. underlying form: ʔatit/ -in. Morph: medio-passive. See: Chuk ʔadlen.

ʔatwʼucʼ   n. crow. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔalwuṭʼ

ʔatʰišwitši   v. sneezed. Note: Related language Chukchansi hatišatʰ Chukchansi hatʼišatʰ (NAS)

ʔatʼe·haṭʼ   n. short things. underlying form: ʔatʼi·/ -0 -haṭʼ. Morph: plural.

ʔatʼe·ʔaš   v. getting short. ʔatʼe·ʔaš hiyam It's getting short. underlying form: ʔatʼi·/ -ʔaš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔatʼe·ʔašiw   v. when it gets short. underlying form: ʔatʼi·/ -šiw. Morph: non-directive gerundial.

ʔatʼe·ʔat   v. will get short. ʔatʼe·ʔat hiʔ It's going to get short. underlying form: ʔatʼi·/ -ʔat. Morph: durative present.

ʔatʼit   n. down. Variant: ʔatit.

ʔatʼiʔ   n. short. ʔatʼiʔ ʔitikʼ shallow water. underlying form: ʔatʼi·/ -ʔ. Morph: neutral verbal noun absolutive.

ʔatʼi·/   v-theme. to get short. durative aorist: ʔatʼe·ʔaš. durative present: ʔatʼe·ʔat. non-directive gerundial: ʔatʼe·ʔašiw. neutral verbal noun: ʔatʼiʔ. Pl: ʔatʼe·haṭʼ.

ʔaṭʰatčʰinat   v. want to open. underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔaṭʰatʔiy   n. opener (like a key), door. underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -ʔiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive nominative case.

ʔaṭʰa·tičʼ   n. opener, one who opens. underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive nominative case.

ʔaṭʰit   v. open! underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔaṭʰitši   v. opened. underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔaṭʰta   n. opening. underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -0 -a. Morph: neutral verbal noun accusative case.

ʔaṭʰtat   v. opening. underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔaṭʰtin   v. will open. underlying form: #ʔaṭʰat -in. Morph: future.

ʔaṭʰuttʰaw   v. was opened. ʔaṭʰuttʰaw pʼaʔanʼa ʔamaʔ tʰan pučʼičʼ ʔam mayʼa ṭʼatʼe·ʔaw A small piece of land was opened but there were no people or trees there.

ʔawo·xaʔ   n. needle. Note: Related langauge Chukchansi ʔawu·haʔ (NAS) From: Spanish aguja.

ʔawʼa·si   n. chin, jaw. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔawʼaṣ

ʔawʼča   n. fox. Variant: ʔawʼčaʔ.

ʔawʼčaʔ   n. fox. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔawʼcaʔ Chukchansi ʔawux Chukchansi ʔawʼčaʼ (NAS) Variant: ʔawʼča.

ʔaxaʔčʰi   n. cradle. we·čʼiyipʼ ʔaxaʔčʰi forked cradle board made of oak sapling. Note: Here is a picture of Cecile's cradleboard: Note: picture from Gamble Note: Here is Cecile's discussion of cradleboards and raising infants: 1. ʔo·mo witʰe·pin woyšiw ṭʼe·kʼaṭʼkʼaŋiṭʰ we·čʼipʼin we·čʼiŋ tɨʔasanʼ ʔaxaʔčʰi 2. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔatit ʔotʼyit wičʼetʰ ṭʼe·kʼaṭʼkʼaŋiṭʰ 3. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ṭʼikʼin ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaw ṭʼekʼaṭʰkʼaŋiṭʰ witʰiphačʼ 4. maywe·ʔi hawtaw puhuṭʰ tʰaŋ ʔan ʔaxiʔčʰi ʔamaʔ tɨʔɨsaŋiṭʰ meṭʰ ʔaxiʔčʰi 5. tɨʔasanʼa hičʰa we·ʔi šata·min wičʼitʰhat tʰa·ŋi tɨʔɨsanʼa yow ho·pʰutŋu 6. ʔamaʔ tʰaw tʰihinʼ ʔan ṭʼe·kʼaṭʼikʼ we·ʔi ʔan yetʼ yow poŋya ʔan ʔopʰšiw 7. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ mukʼešhin niwti ʔočoy yow kʰuhuṭʼha·yin tʰaʔin tʰaŋ niwti ʔočoy 8. tʰaŋ tʰaw witaʔaw kʼənwat 9. ʔamaʔ tʰa tʰašti tʰanaštʰat waʔ kʰaʔama ʔanikʼ hiwe·tʰaw 10. tʰaw tʰihinʼ ṭʼe·kʼaṭʼkʼaŋiṭʰ hiyamʼ ʔanikʼ teyaw ʔanikʼ maxaʔ xiŋ ha·ʔa milikʰaniʔin mononhay 11. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tɨʔɨsšat tʰiwin yowwe·ʔi toppolin čʼutya 1. When a child is first born they were tied in a cradleboard made of a forked stick of an oak sapling. 2. And they put down sticks when they were tied. 3. That is how they are tied and they tie the babies on there. 4. Sometimes when the baby gets to old for the cradle a big cradle is made. 5. They can be made with anything but they are mostly made with willow limbs or roots. 6. And they tie its [hands] there for one or two months. 7. And they had a different women's design and a different mensʼ design. 8. That is where they could be sleeping at anytime. 9. And that lasts them until they are walking. 10. They were tied like that long before they were taking white person's clothes. 11. And they made it from cottontail or sometimes jackrabbit skin. 12. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰa·ŋi witʰiphat ṭʼe·kʼaṭʼikʼ 13. ʔamaʔ wičʰeyŋiṭʰ tʰe ʔaxaʔčʰi xoʔ ʔanikʼ wičʰeyŋi tʰa 14. ʔamaʔ tʰaw kʰuhuṭʼha·yin tʰatupʰ yow sikʰetʰ wičʰeyiʔhanʼa yow mukʼešhin hunʼayʼ xupʰa·ŋi tɨʔasanʼa ʔanikʼ ʔaxiʔčʰi 15. ʔamaʔ ʔanikʼ kʼipʼewʼ tɨʔasanʼa pʰo·taŋi 16. ʔamaʔ yow hohoŋin ʔiyluʔ tʰa ʔanikʼ kʼipʼewʼ nahni tʰihinʼ pʰo·tayŋi ʔoče·yitʰa 17. ʔamaʔ tʰa ʔaxiʔčʰi xew ṭʰipʰin ʔaniyčʼiw ʔan ʔotʼyiŋiṭʰ 18. ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ witʰiphat to·ʔatiʔ mitʰis pohoṭʰʔun tʰaw tʰihinʼ hunʼayʼ tute·ʔaŋiṭʰ 19. ʔamaʔ hawtaw tʰihinʼ čʼo·wʼotʰo 20. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ toʔṭʼow ʔanikʼ ʔotʼoy kʼiwe·tʰaw ʔan 21. ʔamaʔ tʰaw tʰihinʼ witʔin čʼo·wʼotʰo ṭʼuwʼe·na ʔanikʼ ʔaxta ʔam tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ṭʰe·ʔiw ʔotʼyit 22. ho·wiʔ mine·ṭʼit witʰiphat nahni yetʼ pʼaʔanʼa poŋoy pʼaʔanʼa yow nahni čʰawpʰaw yitʼšiŋta ʔanikʼ tʰaŋ tuytaŋiṭʰ ʔanikʼ tʰaw witʔin hiyam to·yatiy ʔamaʔ hetʰtʰa yow mine·ṭʼit 12. And they tied the children with it. 13. And those cradleboards will be decorated -- that is their design. 14. And the men's cradleboard was decorated with bow and arrow there and the moen's were made with different willow limbs. 15. And they make the cradle strap from beads. 16. And they also use milkweed string for their cradle strap sometimes they are decorated with beads. 17. And the ring around the top of the cradleboard is decorated that way. 18. And that is what the babies play with until they get older when they are first untied. 19. And when they work, 20. Then they put the baby on their head on it's back. 21. And while they work they will take their baby, they don't leave them at home. 22. Yes, they nurse their babies sometimes one year, two years, or sometimes continuously for five years they feed them even if the are already eating they still nurse them. underlying form: ʔaxaʔčʰi/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔaxaʔčʰi/   n-theme. cradle. nominative: ʔaxaʔčʰi. accusative: ʔaxiʔčʰi. locative: ʔaxaʔčʰiw. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔaxicʼ 'bed'

ʔaxčʼayʼ   n. little daughter, little baby. ʔaxčʼayʼ tʰanahčʰinat maʔ Little baby, do you want to go? underlying form: ʔaxčʼayʼ/ -0. Morph: diminutive.

ʔaxčʼayʼ/   n-theme. little daughter. nominative: ʔaxčʼayʼ. Pl: ʔaxe·čʼi. underlying form: ʔaxit -yʼa. Morph: diminutive.

ʔaxethi   n. children. underlying form: ʔaxe·ti/ -h -i. Morph: oblique plural accusative case.

ʔaxetnačʼi   n. one who has had a baby. ʔamaʔ yow ʔan ho·pʰut ʔaxetnačʼi And its roots are also [used] by one who has had a baby. See: ʔa·xit/ -na -ičʼ -i. Morph: acquisitive neutral agentive accusative case.

ʔaxe·čʼi   n. little daughters. underlying form: ʔaxčʼayʼ/ -i. Morph: plural.

ʔaxe·ti   n. daughters. underlying form: ʔa·xit/ -i. Morph: plural.

ʔaxe·ti/   n-theme. daughters. nominative: ʔaxe·ti. accusative: ʔaxethi. underlying form: ʔa·xit -i. Morph: plural.

ʔaxitʔin   v. willl give birth. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔaxitʔin When they will have a baby. yow mukʼiš ʔaxitʔin ponxat hawtaw čʼutʰo·šuy kune·ʔat ʔan ʔaxtin When a woman has a baby she fasts until the umbilical cord falls off her baby. underlying form: ʔa·xit/ -ʔin. Morph: resultative gerundial.

ʔaxiʔčʰi   n. cradle basket. maywe·ʔi hawtaw puhuṭʰ tʰaŋ ʔan ʔaxiʔčʰi ʔamaʔ tɨʔɨsaŋiṭʰ meṭʰ ʔaxiʔčʰi Sometimes when the baby gets to old for the cradle a big cradle is made. underlying form: ʔaxačʰi/ -i. Morph: accusative case.

ʔaxiʔčʰiw   n. on the cradle. underlying form: ʔaxačʰi/ -iw. Morph: locative case.

ʔaxta   n. daughter. ʔamaʔ tʰaw tʰihinʼ witʔin čʼo·wʼotʰo ṭʼuwʼe·na ʔanikʼ ʔaxta ʔam tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ṭʰe·ʔiw ʔotʼyit And while they work they will take their baby, they don't leave them at home. underlying form: ʔa·xit/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔaxtat   v. having a baby. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔaxtat And they have a baby. underlying form: ʔa·xit/ -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔaxtin   n. baby's, daughter's. hawtaw čʰutʰo·šuy ʔan ʔaxtin kune·ʔat ʔamaʔ to·yatiy še·šat When the umbilical cord falls off, then she can eat meat. we·ʔi konšiw ʔanikʼ čʼutʰo·šuyin konšiw ʔaxtin čʼutʰo·šuyin tʰihinʼ xo·ʔoxiy tʰa ʔanikʼ kʼənwɨššɨw When the umbilical falls off, the baby's navel, they get up from laying on the {hot herb}. underlying form: ʔa·xit/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔaypʰun   prt. first. to·yatyaš naʔ ʔaypʰun I ate first.

ʔa·kas   n. mother's brother. underlying form: ʔa·kas/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔa·kas/   n-theme. uncle, mother's brother. nominative: ʔa·kas. Pl: ʔake·si. decendent: ʔa·kušmam. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔa·kaṣ

ʔa·kušmam   n. deceased maternal uncle. underlying form: ʔa·kas/ -mam. Morph: decedent.

ʔa·matčʰinat   v. want to help. ʔa·matčʰinat naʔ I want to help. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔa·mit   v. help! underlying form: #ʔa·mat -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔa·mitši   v. helped. underlying form: #ʔa·mat -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔa·napʰ   v. split! underlying form: ʔa·napʰ/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔa·napʰ/   v-theme. working basket material, splitting and cutting. imperative: ʔa·napʰ. durative present: ʔana·pʰat.

ʔa·pʰul   n. apple. From: English apple.

ʔa·taši   n. heel of foot.

ʔa·titʰ   n. salt grass. Distichlis spicata. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔa·litʰ

ʔa·tʼutʼukʼ   n. small, brown species of scorpion.

ʔa·xit   n. daughter. hiyam nim tukʼwʼinši ʔa·xit My daughter was already pregnant. underlying form: ʔa·xit/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔa·xit/   v-theme. to give birth, have a baby. durative present: ʔaxtat. future: ʔa·xitin. aorist: ʔa·xitši. resultative gerundial: ʔaxitʔin. neutral verbal noun: ʔa·xit/.

ʔa·xit/   n-theme. daughter. nominative: ʔa·xit. diminutive: ʔaxčʼayʼ. accusative: ʔaxta. genitive: ʔaxtin. acquisitive: ʔaxitnačʼi. Pl: ʔaxe·ti/.

ʔa·xitši   v. had a baby. underlying form: ʔa·xit/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔa··y   interjection. ouch! Phon: In this example the vowel is extended [ʔa··y] which is permissible to describe the intensity of the pain.

ʔenʼčʰayʼ   n. grandpa! grandson! ʔenʼčʰayʼ naʔ nim ʔam ʔiništʰa My grandson isn't well. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -0. Morph: diminutive--used as a familiar form of address.

ʔepʰ   v. swim! ʔepʰ yanʼ You all swim! underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔepʰ   n. swimming. underlying form: ʔepʰ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔepʰ/   n-theme. swim. nominative: ʔepʰ. accusative: ʔepʰa. dative: ʔepʰa·ŋi. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -0. Morph: neutral verbal noun.

ʔepʰa   n. swim. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ ʔan ʔepʰa I saw him swimming. underlying form: ʔepʰ/-a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔepʰa·ŋi   n. swimming. tuše·ʔaš naʔ tʰaŋ janin ʔepʰa·ŋi I told you about John's swimming. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -0 -ŋi. Morph: dative case.

ʔepʰeʔpʰaš   v. swam more than once. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔepʰhan   n. being swum. ʔə·kʼaš naʼ ʔan ʔepʰhan I saw it being swum. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -han. Morph: passive.

ʔepʰiš   n. bass.

ʔepʰŋiṭʰ   v. will be swum. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: passive future.

ʔepʰši   v. swam. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔepʰšitʰši   v. swam for someone. ʔepʰšitʰši naʔ mam I swam for you. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -šitʰ -ši. Morph: indirective aorist.

ʔepʰšiw   v. when x swims. ʔepʰšiw nim After I swim. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -šiw. Morph: non-directive gerundial.

ʔepʰta   v. make someone swim, bathe someone. ʔepʰta tʰaŋ Make him swim. ʔepʰta nan Bathe me! underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ta -0. Morph: causative imperative.

ʔepʰta/   v. make x swim, bathe someone. imperative: ʔepʰta. future: ʔepʰtat. aorist: ʔepʰtaš. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ta/. Morph: causative.

ʔepʰtaš   v. made someone swim. ʔepʰtaš tʰaŋ He made him swim. underlying form: ʔepʰta/ -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔepʰtat   v. will make someone swim. underlying form: ʔepʰta/ -t. Morph: future.

ʔepʰta·tʰa   v. might be swimming. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ta -tʰa. Morph: dubitative durative present.

ʔepʰʔapʰ   n. swimming more than once. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -0. Morph: neutral verbal noun nominative case.

ʔepʰʔaš   v. let x swim. ʔepʰʔaš nim Let me swim. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ʔaš. Morph: precative gerundial.

ʔepʰʔin   v. after swimming. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ʔin. Morph: resultative gerundial.

ʔepʰʔipʰ   v. swim more than once! ʔepʰʔipʰ tawitʰ Run, swim more than once! underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔepʰʔipʰši   v. swam more than once. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔepʰʔipʰšitʰši   v. swam for x more than once. ʔepʰʔipʰšitʰši tʰaŋ He swam for him more than once. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -šitʰ -ši. Morph: indirective aorist.

ʔepʰʔipʰta   v. make x swim more than once, make someone bathe more than once. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -ta. Morph: causative.

ʔetewʼat   v. bloom. See: ʔitawʼ/ 'flower'. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔe·liw Chukchansi ʔelwitʰ (NAS)

ʔetwʼat   v. will fan myself.

ʔetwʼat   v. blooming.

ʔe·nʼas   n. grandfather. ʔe·nas nim tʰanši Coloredo My grand father went to Colorado. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔe·nʼas/   n. grandfather. nominative: ʔe·nʼas. accusative: ʔe·nʼasa. genitive: ʔe·nʼasin. dative: ʔe·nʼasŋi. ablative: ʔe·nʼasnitʰ. locative: ʔe·nʼasiw. Pl: ʔinʼa·sa/. decendent: ʔinʼasmam. acquisitive: ʔinʼasnaš. diminutive: ʔenʼčʼayʼ. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔe·nas Chukchansi ʔenʼsayʼ

ʔe·nʼasa   n. grandfather. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ nim ʔe·nʼasa I saw my grandfather. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔe·nʼasam   n. deceased grandfather. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -am. Morph: decedent. Variant: ʔinʼismam.

ʔe·nʼasin   n. grandfather's. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔe·nʼasiw   n. at grandfather. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -iw. Morph: locative case.

ʔe·nʼasnitʰ   n. away from grandfather. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -nitʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔe·nʼasŋi   n. grandfather. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -ŋi. Morph: dative case.

ʔe·pʰat   v. might be swimming. hičʰa nan naʔas ʔe·pʰat I might swim. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -at. Morph: dubitative.

ʔe·pʰil   n. virgin.

ʔe·pʰin   v. will swim. hičʰa naʔ yow ʔe·pʰin I might swim. ʔe·pʰin nihiʔ ʔama čʰanʼiʔ I'm just going to swim. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -in. Morph: future.

ʔe·ṭʰiʔiṭʰ   v. suing. underlying form: #ʔiṭʰi -0. Morph: durative present.

ʔe···   interjection. surprise. ʔe··· hiyam tʰihinʼ tʰaxinši Hey, They are coming. Morph: An expression of surprise-The vowel may be lengthened to several mora.

ʔəšɨn   n. black oak. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔe·ṣinʼ

ʔətma   n. telling a story. ʔamaʔ hičʰa ʔam pe·yapiy ʔan ʔətma And he isn't finishing telling his story. underlying form: ʔətma/-a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔətma/   n-theme. story telling. accusative: ʔətma. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m/ -0. Morph: neutral verbal noun.

ʔətmaš   v. was telling a story. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔətmat   v. is telling a story. ʔətmat naʔ I am telling a story. ʔamaʔ hičʰaʔ xo·ʔoxiʔ ʔɨtə·mɨčʼ ʔamaʔ ʔətmat minikʼ ṭʼotšiw toyonʼow And if they have a story teller then they tell stories while peeling at night. Anth: If the story teller doesn't finish the story the first night, he would say that he will hang the story in an oak sapling and finish it later. we·čʼiyipʼ yow ʔetmat Cecile explains how the story teller will hang the story in an oak sapling. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨm -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔətmɨštʰaš   v. told a story for someone. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ištʰa -š. Morph: indirective aorist.

ʔətʰta   n. hunger. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -0 -a. Morph: neutral verbal noun accusative case.

ʔətʰtat   v. might be hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -at. Morph: dubitative.

ʔə·kʰawši   n. seeing each other. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ --iwši. Morph: reflexive/reciprocal verbal noun.

ʔə·kʼa   v. look! kʼumuy ʔə·kʼa Look all around! underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔə·kʼa/   v. see, look at. imperative: ʔə·kʼa. aorist: ʔə·kʼaš. future: ʔɨkʼa. durative aorist: ʔɨkʼa·ʔaš. durative present: ʔɨkʼa·ʔat. medio-passive: ʔə·kʼinat. passive gerundial: ʔə·kʼatʰin. non-directive gerundial: ʔə·kʼašiw. resultative gerundial: ʔə·kʼiʔin. passive aorist: ʔə·kʼatʰ. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔe·kʼa·/ 'look back at' Chukchansi ʔe·kʼatʰ 'look back' (NAS)

ʔə·kʼaš   v. saw. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ xiŋ poŋya I saw these two. ha·ʔa maʔ ʔə·kʼaš What did you see? underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -š. Morph: aorist.

ʔə·kʼašiw   v. when seeing x. ʔə·kʼašiw nim bab naʔ čʰə·xačʰin When I saw Bob, I was getting sick. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -šiw. Morph: non-directive gerundial.

ʔə·kʼatʰ   v. was seen by x. ʔəkʼatʰ nim ʔoš They saw me stealing. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -tʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔə·kʼatʰin   v. looked at, being seen by. ʔitikʼ nay ʔə·kʼatʰin It looked like water. ʔə·kʼatʰin nim bab čʰə·xačʰin When looked at by me, Bob looked sick. ʔamaʔ xuyiwši kʼumuy ʔə·kʼatʰin yow pʼaʔanʼ kʼamoʔotʰa Then he returned and all the dirt he had seen was gone. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -tʰin. Morph: passive gerundial.

ʔə·kʼinat   v. is being looked at. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -in -at. Morph: medio-passive durative present.

ʔə·kʼiʔin   v. as a result of seeing x. ʔə·kʼašiw nim bab naʔ čʰə·xačʰin When I see Bob, I'll get sick. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -ʔin. Morph: resultative gerundial.

ʔə·tʰɨt   v. get hungry! underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔə·tʰɨtšɨ   v. was hungry, getting hungry. hiyam naʔ ʔə·tʰɨšɨ I'm getting hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔə·tʰɨtʔaš   v. let someone get hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -ʔaš. Morph: precative gerundial.

-ʔhanʼa   afx. passive verbal noun. Morph: passive verbal noun. Variant: -ʔhonʼo.

-ʔhonʼo   afx. passive verbal noun. Morph: passive verbal noun. Variant: -ʔhanʼa.

-ʔičʼ   afx. neutral agentive. Morph: neutral agentive.

-ʔin   afx. genitive. Morph: genitive case.

-ʔin   afx. resultative gerundial. Morph: resultative gerundial. Variant: -ʔun; ʔɨn.

ʔinaʔᵃ   n. scary thing.

ʔina···   exclamation. fear. ʔina··· hantʰa scary thing. ʔina··· watʰ mayʼ watʰaxnat Whatever people pass by are frightened. ʔina··· hawitši Whatever happened is very scary. Morph: Particle, an expression of fear--the longer the vowel, the more expressive.

ʔinešʔin   v. as a result of being good. ʔamaʔ tʰaw tʰihinʼ maxa·ʔat ʔanikʼ tiyʼmʼayʼxay hiyam tʰašti hiyam ʔinešʔin ʔanikʼ ʔaŋaṭʰwat ʔanikʼ Then they get whatever power has been made good for them in their dream. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -ʔin. Morph: resultative gerundial.

ʔine·šaš   v. was getting good. hiyam naʔ ʔine·šaš I am well. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔine·šaš/   n-theme. good things. accusative: ʔine·šaši. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -š. Morph: non-singular.

ʔine·šaši   n. good ones. underlying form: ʔine·šaš/ -i. Morph: accusative case.

ʔine·šašiw   v. getting good. ʔine·šašiw ʔan When it's good. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -šiw. Morph: non-directive gerundial.

ʔine·šat   v. will get good. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -t. Morph: future.

ʔiniš/   v-theme. to be doing good, to get good. future: ʔinišat. future: ʔine·šat. aorist: ʔinšiš. durative aorist: ʔiništʰaš. durative aorist: ʔine·šaš. durative: ʔiništʰa. medio-passive: ʔinšin/. causative: ʔiništa. non-directive gerundial: ʔine·šišiw. resultative gerundial: ʔinešʔin. neutral verbal noun: ʔiniš/. passive verbal noun: ʔinišʔanʼa. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔinsis

ʔiniš/   n-theme. good. accusative: ʔiniš. intensive possessor: ʔinišiyin. causative inchoative: ʔinišyat. Pl: ʔine·šaši/.

ʔiniša   n. well. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -a. Morph: neutral verbal noun accusative case.

ʔinišat   v. will be doing well. pʰohyon hiyam hiwetʰši čʰan mayʼwa ʔam ʔinišat Hawk was already around here, he is not going to do us any good. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -t. Morph: future.

ʔinišiyin   n. one who is very good. ʔamaʔ ʔinišiyin pʰečʰwat ʔitkʼa It is good to hold water. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ wɨtʼa·ʔat ʔopʰoʔtow hite·nitʰ šiyamun ʔinišiyin Then they spread it out in the sun where it will dry good. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -iyin. Morph: intensive possessor.

ʔiništa   n. be well, be good. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -ta. Morph: causative.

ʔiništʰa   v. getting good, ready. hin hiʔ ʔiništʰa ye·tʰaw mam takʔin It is alright for you to stay overnight together? underlying form: ʔiniš/ -tʰa. Morph: durative.

ʔiništʰaš   v. was getting well. ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ kʰayʼiw xay ʔiništʰaš tʰawṭʰuŋiṭʰ tʰaw ʔoho·ʔot And coyote jumped on him wanting to kill him. (lit. "was well on him"). underlying form: ʔiniš/ -tʰaš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔinišyat   v. cause good, do good. čʰan mayʼwa ʔam ʔinišyat He's not going to do us any good. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -ya -at. Morph: causative inchoative durative present.

ʔinišʔanʼa   n. It is being good. ʔinišʔanʼa naʔ nim hiwetʰ I like to walk. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -ʔ...anʼa. Morph: passive verbal noun nominative case.

ʔinitʰ   n. pine tree. Morph: nominative case. Note: Related language Chukchansi ʔinnilʼ (NAS)

ʔinmičakʰ   n. jealous. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔinmiṭkʼa·

ʔinšin   v. good. yetʼ yow xo·ʔoxiʔ tʰaʔan ʔanikʼ wɨxnat ʔinšin There is one other of their plants that is also good. underlying form: ʔinšin/ -0. Morph: neutral verbal noun nominative case.

ʔinšin/   v-theme. getting good by. aorist: ʔinšinši. neutral verbal noun: ʔinšin. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -in. Morph: medio-passive.

ʔinšinši   v. liked. wɨxnat naʔ ʔinšinši I like it very much. underlying form: ʔinšin/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔinšiš   n. good. hiyam ʔinšiš When it's good. underlying form: ʔiniš/ -š. Morph: aorist.

ʔinšišaw   n. good place. ṭʰokʰši ʔinšišaw caught fish at that good place. underlying form: ʔiniš -š -aw. Morph: locative case.

ʔinya·na/   n-theme. Indian. nominative: ʔinya·naʔ. genitive: ʔinya·niʔin.

ʔinya·naʔ   n. Indian. ʔamaʔ ʔinya·naʔ ʔamaʔ xi tʰaʔaṭʰi wɨxe·ʔaš yow kʼumuy ʔanikʼ yuwʼkʼe·ʔaš ʔamaʔ tʰa ʔitikʼ hetʰtʰa xo·ʔoxiʔ tʰaw pʼaʔanʼa Then the Indians and these people increased and all of them went to their homes and the water is still there under the land. underlying form: ʔinya·na/ -ʔ. Morph: nominative case.

ʔinya·niʔin   n. Indian's. hiya·mʼu tʰihinʼ kʼumuy ha·ʔatʰaw maxa·ʔat ʔinya·niʔin tuya Long ago they gathered almost everything for Indian food. underlying form: ʔinya·na/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔinʼasha   n. grandfathers. ʔinʼasha nim my grandfathers. underlying form: ʔinʼa·sa/ -h- -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔinʼashanitʰ   n. away from the grandfathers. underlying form: ʔinʼa·sa/ -h- -anitʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔinʼashaŋ   n. grandfathers. underlying form: ʔinʼa·sa/ -h- -aŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔinʼashin   n. grandfathers'. underlying form: ʔinʼa·sa/ -h- -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔinʼashiw   n. grandfathers. underlying form: ʔinʼa·sa/ -iw. Morph: locative case.

ʔinʼasmam   n. deceased grandfather. underlying form: ʔinʼasa/ -mam. Morph: decedent. Variant: ʔe·nʼasam.

ʔinʼasnaš   v. got a grandfather. ʔinʼasnaš naʔ I got a grandfather (e.g. my grandmother remarried). underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -na- -aš. Morph: acquistive durative aorist.

ʔinʼa·sa   n. grandfathers. ʔinʼa·sa nim my grandfathers. underlying form: ʔinʼa·sa/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔinʼa·sa/   n. grandfathers. nominative: ʔinʼa·sa. accusative: ʔinʼasha. genitive: ʔinʼashin. dative: ʔinʼashaŋ. ablative: ʔinʼashanitʰ. locative: ʔinʼashiw. decendent: ʔinʼasmam. acquisitive: ʔinʼasnaš. underlying form: ʔe·nʼas/ -a. Morph: plural.

ʔinʼa·šaʼ   n. son's children. See: ʔi·nas/ 'grandfather'.

ʔipin   n. acorn flour. ʔamaʔ hiyam ʔan ʔipin ʔinšiš Then their acorn flour is good. underlying form: ʔipin/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔipin/   n-theme. acorn flour. nominative: ʔipin. accusative: ʔipna. Note: Related language Chuckchansi ʔe·banʼ 'acorn meal' Chukchansi ʔe·pʼanʼ 'ground acorn (NAS)

ʔipiṭʰniʔ   n. story character.

ʔipna   n. acorn flour. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaw to·xatix tʰaŋ ʔan ʔipna Then they pour their flour on it. underlying form: ʔipin/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔipʰatʰ   v. was swum. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -atʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔipʰa·ʔaš   v. was swimming. ʔipʰa·ʔaš naʔ I was swimming. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ʔaš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔipʰa·ʔat   v. is swimming. ʔamaʔ ʔipʰa·ʔat tʰihinʼ hiyamʼ šalʼalʼwitaw Then they swim early in the morning. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔipʰa·ʔat xutaʔšaw ʔitkʼaw Then they swim in water. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ʔat. Morph: durative present.

ʔipʰeʔčʼi   n. swimmer. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ ʔipeʔčʼi I saw the swimmer. underlying form: ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ/ -i. Morph: accusative case.

ʔipʰeʔčʼin   n. swimmer's. underlying form: ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔipʰeʔpʰat   v. swimming more than once. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔipʰe·hiy   n. swimming pool, swimming place, bathtub. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -hiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔipʰe·šitʰ   v. will swim for x. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -šitʰ -0. Morph: indirective future.

ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ   n. swimmer. ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ maʔ Are you a swimmer? meṭʰ maʔ ʔot ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ Are you a good swimmer? nahni nan tʰanaʔat ʔunaw ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ Sometimes we went swimming at Sand Flat. underlying form: ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ/   n. swimmer. nominative: ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ. accusative: ʔipʰeʔčʼi. genitive: ʔipʰeʔčʼin. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -ʔičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔipʰe·ʔipʰ   v. will swim more than once. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -0. Morph: repetitive future.

ʔipʰhačʰinat   v. want to swim. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi -hačʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔipʰʔe·ʔipʰičʼ   n. a swimmer. underlying form: ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/ -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive nominative case.

ʔipʼey/   v-theme. get water in a container. aorist: ʔipʼeyši. Note: Related language Yawelmani hipe·y 'dip for water'

ʔipʼeyši   v. got water in a container. underlying form: ʔipʼey/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔišaʔa   n. mommy. underlying form: našo·š/ -ʔa. Morph: diminutive.

ʔiša·yʼa   n. mom. underlying form: našo·š/ -yʼa. Morph: diminutive.

ʔit   n. fan! underlying form: #ʔiti· -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔitawʼa   n. flower. ʔoššu naʔ ʔitawʼa I stole the flower. underlying form: ʔitawʼa/ -0. Morph: accusative case.

ʔitawʼa   n. flower. underlying form: ʔitawʼa/ -0. nominative: nominative case.

ʔitawʼa/   n-theme. flower. nominative: ʔitawʼa. accusative: ʔitawʼa. dative: ʔitawʼaŋ. intensive possessor: ʔitawʼiyin. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔe·law Chukchansi ʔe·lawʼ Chukchansi ʔe·law (NAS)

ʔitawʼaŋ   n. flower. ʔitawʼaŋ naʔ mam maxšitʰši I got a flower for you. underlying form: ʔitawʼa/ -aŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔitawʼiyin   n. full of flowers. ʔamaʔ yow wiše·tʰaʔ tʰeʔin ʔitawʼiyin ʔinšiš himnaw And elderberry flowers are also good for fever. underlying form: ʔitawʼa/ -iyin. Morph: resident.

ʔitaʔkʼa   n. watery. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔam to·yatiy še·šatʰ yow tʰihinʼ hunʼayʼ tʰihinʼ ha·ʔatʰa ʔitaʔkʼa to·yatiy hawšun tʰaw ʔopʰoʔtoʔ And they canʼt eat meat but they eat anything that is watery for as many days as needed. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -ʔ...a. Morph: consequent agentive.

ʔitewʼšit   v. fanning. underlying form: ʔite·wiš/ -it. Morph: durative present.

ʔite·kʼa   v. be watery. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -a. Morph: inchoative.

ʔite·kʼaš   v. was watery. hiyam ʔite·kʼaš It was watery. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -a -aš. Morph: inchoative durative aorist.

ʔite·tʰit   v. fanning. underlying form: #ʔiti· -it. Morph: durative present.

ʔite·wʼiš/   v-theme. fan each other. durative present: ʔitewʼšit. underlying form: #ʔiti· -wiš. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal.

ʔitikʼ   n. water. ʔamaʔ ʔinišiyin watxutʰa ʔitikʼ Then to be better water is passed through it. xi ʔitikʼ čʼičʼikʼ This water's cold. hiya·mʼu xew ʔə·kʼat ʔitik Long ago only water was seen there. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔitikʼ/   n-theme. water. nominative: ʔitikʼ. accusative: ʔitkʼa. genitive: ʔitkʼin. dative: ʔitkʼaŋ. dative: ʔitkʼaŋi. ablative: ʔitkʼanitʰ. locative: ʔitkʼaw. resident: ʔitkʼinʼin. medio-passive: ʔitkʼinši. consequent agentive: ʔitaʔkʼa. consequent agentive: ʔitaʔkʼahi. inchoative: ʔite·kʼaš. Note: Realted languges Yawelmani ʔilikʼ Chukchansi ʔillikʼ

ʔitkʼa   n. water. ʔamaʔ ʔam pʰečʰwat ʔitkʼa It doesn't hold water. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔitkʼanitʰ   n. from the water. hiyam naʔ ʔitkʼanitʰ I am coming out of the water. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -anitʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔitkʼaŋ   n. water. məkʼwɨy xe·ŋi ʔitkʼaŋ Swallow the water! ʔamaʔ ʔipʰna ʔan tʰihinʼ ṭʰumkʼaŋ ʔitkʼaŋ ʔaypʰun ʔotʼyit Then they first put water on their acorn flour. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -aŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔitkʼaŋi   n. water. ʔitkʼaŋi tʰišši She came out of the water. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -aŋi. Morph: dative case.

ʔitkʼaw   n. on the water, to the water, in the water. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ čʰan ʔe·pʰin ʔitkʼaw Then they will soon swim in water. ʔitkʼaw makʼ tʰahan You and I are going to the water. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -aw. Morph: locative case.

ʔitkʼin   n. water's. naʔ ʔə·kʼaš ʔitkʼin toxnat I saw the water's spilling. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔitkʼinʼin   n. one who lives in the water, water people. ʔitkʼinʼin woytoŋiṭʰ grows along the water. underlying form: ʔitikʼ/ -inʼin. Morph: resident.

ʔitši   v. fanned. tʰaŋ ʔitši I fanned it. ʔamaʔ hotʼo·ʔoniš ʔamaʔ ʔitši tʰaŋ ʔoštʰo muṭʰukʼta·tʰa tʰaŋ Then he built a fire and fanned it making it smoke. underlying form: #ʔiti· -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔitwʼa   n. flower. underlying form: ʔitawʼ/ -a. Morph: neutral verbal noun accusative case.

ʔitwʼaš   v. will fan each other. underlying form: #ʔiti· -wiš -0. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal future.

ʔiṭʰe·na   v. will sue. naʔ hiʔ ʔiṭʰe·na I will sue. underlying form: #ʔiṭʰi/ -e·na. Morph: future tense.

ʔiṭʰši   v. sued. underlying form: #ʔiṭʰi -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔiwe·ʔicʼ   n. wolf. Note: Related languages Yawelmani yawlicʼ Chukchansi ʔiwɛ·yicʼ Chukchansi ʔiweyičʼ (NAS)

-ʔiy   afx. consequent adjunctive. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔiyluʔ   n. string. hohoŋin ʔiyluʔ milkweed string. Note: Related language Chukchansi hi·luʔ (NAS)

ʔi·pʰiʔi·pʰi/   v-theme. swim more than once, bathe more than once. aorist: ʔepʰʔipʰši. indirective: ʔepʰʔipʰšitʰši. causative: ʔepʰʔipʰta. imperative: ʔepʰʔipʰ. neutral verbal noun: ʔepʰʔapʰ. future: ʔipʰe·ʔipʰ. neutral agentive: ʔipʰʔe·ʔipʰičʼ. durative present: ʔipʰeʔpʰat. durative aorist: ʔepʰeʔpʰaš. underlying form: #ʔi·pʰi + #ʔi·pʰi. Morph: reduplicated verb marking repetitive action.

ʔi·ʔančʼi   n. scary thing. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ ʔi·ʔančʼi I saw something scary.

ʔi··te·tʰit   v. will slowly fan. underlying form: #ʔiti· -0 -tʰa -t. Morph: retardive.

-ʔɨčʼ   afx. neutral agentive. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔɨkʼa   v. will see. ʔɨkʼa naʔ mam hiʔ xoyiwšiw min I'll see you when you return. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa -0. Morph: future.

ʔɨkʼa·ʔaš   v. was looking at. ʔɨkʼa·ʔš naʔ kʰamʼʔačʼin kʰamʼa I was watching the dancer's dance. ʔɨkʼa·ʔaš nim tuya They saw me eating. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -ʔaš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔɨkʼa·ʔat   v. looking at. amaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ tamna·tʰa ʔɨkʼa·ʔat ʔan hiyam sisši And they try it looking to see if is already ripened. mukʼiš tʰaŋ ʔɨkʼa·ʔat The woman sees it. underlying form: ʔə·kʼa/ -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔɨlɨkʰwite·na   v. will dive. underlying form: ʔɨlɨkʰwiti/ -i·na.

ʔɨlɨkʰwiti/   v-theme. dive. future: ʔɨlɨkʰwite·na. aorist: ʔɨlɨkʰwitši. imperative: ʔɨlɨkʰwiy. See: ʔitikʼ 'water'.

ʔɨlɨkʰwitši   v. dove. underlying form: ʔɨlɨkʰwiti/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔɨlɨkʰwiy   v. dive! underlying form: ʔɨlɨkʰwiti/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔɨnaw   n. placename -- Sand Flat.

ʔɨtakʰičʼ   n. singer. yetʼ mukʼiš tʰaŋ ye·tʼaw wuwo·tat tʰaŋ ʔɨtakʰičʼ mukʼiš One of the woman singers stands up with him. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨkʰ -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive nominative case.

ʔɨtamčʰinat   v. wants to tell a story. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔɨtamta   v. tell a story more than once! underlying form: ʔɨtamta/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔɨtamta/   v-theme. tell a story more than once. imperative: ʔɨtamta. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ta. Morph: repetitive.

ʔɨta·mitʰ   v. a story was told. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -itʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔɨtəm   v. tell a story! underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔɨtəm   n. story. ʔamaʔ tʰaw nan yow tʰaw tuše·ʔat ʔan ʔɨtəm Then he tells me his story again there. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔɨtəmčʼɨ   n. story teller. underlying form: ʔɨtə·mɨč/ -i. Morph: accusative case.

ʔɨtəmhan   v. story was told by someone. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -han. Morph: passive.

ʔɨtəmhanʼa   n. a story was already told. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ʔhanʼa. Morph: passive verbal noun.

ʔɨtəmhat   n. stories. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -hat. Morph: plural.

ʔɨtəmŋɨṭʰ   v. a story will be told by someone. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: pssive future.

ʔɨtəmšɨ   v. told a story. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔɨtəmšɨtʰat   v. telling story for each each. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -šitʰ -at. Morph: indirective durative present.

ʔɨtəmšɨtʰwat   v. are telling each other a story. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -šitʰ -at. Morph: indirective oblique plural durative present.

ʔɨtəmwɨššɨ   v. told a story to oneself. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -wiš -ši. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal aorist.

ʔɨtəmʔaš   v. let x tell a story. ʔɨtəmʔaš nim Let me tell a story. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ʔaš. Morph: precative gerundial.

ʔɨtəmʔɨy   n. story telling place. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ʔiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔɨtəʔmɨ   v. make somone tell a story. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -i -0. Morph: causative imperative.

ʔɨtə·manitʰ   n. away from the story. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -anitʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔɨtə·maw   n. at the story. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -aw. Morph: locative case.

ʔɨtə·mɨčʼ   n. story teller. ʔamaʔ hičʰaʔ xo·ʔoxiʔ ʔɨtə·mɨčʼ ʔamaʔ ʔətmat minikʼ ṭʼotšiw toyonʼow And if they have a story teller then they tell stories while peeling at night. underlying form: ʔɨtə·mičʼ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔɨtə·mɨčʼ/   n. story teller. nominative: ʔɨtə·mičʼ. accusative: ʔɨtəmčʼɨ. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔɨtə·mɨn   v. will tell a story. naʔ hiʔ ʔɨtə·mɨn I will tell a story. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -in. Morph: future.

ʔɨtə·mɨn   n. story's. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔɨtə·mɨŋ   n. story. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -iŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔɨtə·mɨtʰ   v. story was told. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨ·m -itʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔɨtɨkʰ   n. song. ŋohoʔo ʔɨtɨkʰ bear song. Note: As an example Cecile sings the Shooting Star song shooting star song underlying form: ʔɨtɨkʰ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔɨtɨkʰ/   n-theme. song, music. nominative: ʔɨtɨkʰ. accusative: ʔɨtkʰa.

ʔɨtɨkʰšɨ   v. sang. tʰanši nim tʰa moxoʔtoʔ ʔɨtɨkʰšɨ While I went the old man sang. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨkʰ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔɨtɨ·m/   n-theme. story. nominative: ʔɨtəm. accusative: ʔɨtma. genitive: ʔɨtə·mɨn. dative: ʔɨtə·mɨŋ. ablative: ʔɨtə·manitʰ. locative: ʔɨtə·maw. Pl: ʔɨtɨmhat. intensive possessor: ʔɨtmɨyɨn.

ʔɨtkʰa   n. song, singer. ʔoho·ʔot ʔan huta ʔɨtkʰa He wants to become a singer. underlying form: ʔɨtɨkʰ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔɨtkʰačʼi   n. singer. kʰamʼa·ʔačʼ xošošit ŋeʔaw teyaw ʔan kʰamʼa ʔɨtkʰačʼi ʔan tʰaŋ xo·šoxiš The dancer painted at evening before his dancing, singers did the painting. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨkʰ -ačʼ -i. Morph: neutral agentive accusative case.

ʔɨtkʰan   v. will sing. ye·tʼaw naʔ mam ʔɨtkʰan I'll sing with you. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨkʰ -an. Morph: future.

ʔɨtkʰaš   v. was singing. wo·wutʔin naʔ ʔɨtkʰaš I stood up and sang. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨkʰ -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔɨtkʰat   v. is singing. ʔamaʔ čʰuŋo·huy ʔan ʔitkʰa ʔɨtkʰat teyaw ʔopʰotiyin tʰašikʼ tʰaʔan čʰuŋo·tat And they finish singing their last song before the sun comes up. underlying form: #ʔɨtɨkʰ -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔɨtma   n. story telling, story. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔɨtmɨyɨn   n. one who tells big stories. underlying form: ʔɨtɨ·m/ -iyin. Morph: intensive possessor.

ʔɨtʰatčʰinat   v. want to be hungry. ʔɨtʰatčʰinat naʔ I want to be hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔɨtʰatta   v. get hungry over and over! underlying form: ʔɨ·tʰɨtta/ -0. Morph: repetitive imperative.

ʔɨtʰatta/   v-theme. hungry repeatedly. imperative: ʔɨtʰatta. durative aorist: ʔɨtʰattiš.

ʔɨtʰattiš   v. was getting hungry over and over again. underlying form: ʔɨtʰatta/ -iš. Morph: repetitive durative aorist.

ʔɨtʰaʔta   n. one who is starving. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -ʔ..a -0. Morph: consequent agentive nominatve case.

ʔɨtʰətčʼɨ   n. one who is always hungry. underlying form: ʔɨtʰə·tɨčʼ/ -i. Morph: accusative case.

ʔɨtʰətnʼɨ   v. starving. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -in -i. Morph: medio-passive causative.

ʔɨtʰətʔɨy   n. place to be hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -ʔiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔɨtʰəʔtɨ   v. make someone hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -i. Morph: causative.

ʔɨtʰə·taš   v. was hungry. wɨxnat naʔ ʔɨtʰə·taš hanʼiʔ I was really hungry for awhile. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔɨtʰə·tat   v. is hungry. ʔɨtʰə·tat naʔ I'm hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔɨtʰə·tɨčʼ   n. one who is always hungry. underlying form: ʔɨtʰə·tɨčʼ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔɨtʰə·tɨčʼ/   n-theme. one who is always hungry. nominative: ʔɨtʰə·tɨčʼ. accusative: ʔɨtʰətčʼɨ. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔɨtʰɨššɨ   v. mashed. underlying form: #ʔɨtʰɨš -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔɨtʰɨššɨtʰ   v. mash for someone! underlying form: #ʔɨtʰɨš -šitʰ -0. Morph: indirective imperative.

ʔɨtʰɨt   v. will be hungry. čʰan naʔ ʔɨtʰɨt Soon I will be hungry. underlying form: #ʔɨ·tʰɨt -0. Morph: future.

ʔɨtʰšɨn   v. will mash. underlying form: #ʔɨtʰɨš -in. Morph: future.

-ʔɨy   afx. consequent adjunctive. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

-ʔo   afx. consequent agentive. Morph: consequent agentive.

ʔočay   n. design. ʔamaʔ ʔan xo·ʔoxiʔ ʔočay And it had a design. underlying form: ʔočoy/ -0. Morph: accusative case.

ʔočeyʔonʼo   n. decorated by x. tʰaw yow pukʼši yakʰaw ʔočeyʔonʼo There she also found a decorated rock. underlying form: ʔoče·yi/ ʔ...onʼo. Morph: passive verbal noun accusative case.

ʔoče·yi/   v-theme. decorate. indirective: ʔuče·yišta. causative: ʔoče·yitʰa. passive future: ʔoče·yiŋiṭʰ. passive gerundial: ʔoče·yiŋiṭʰ. durative present: ʔuče·yit. durative aorist: ʔuče·yiš. future: ʔuče·yi. passive verbal noun: ʔočeyʔonʼo.

ʔoče·yiŋiṭʰ   v. will be decorated. underlying form: ʔoče·yi/ -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: passive future.

ʔoče·yiŋiṭʰ   v. decorated by. ʔačʼew Kaweah River kʰatatimčʰa pukši yakʰaw ʔoče·yiŋiṭʰ Near the Kaweah River Kadadimcha found a decorated rock. underlying form: ʔoče·yi/ -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: predicated gerundial.

ʔoče·yitʰa   v. made decorated. ʔam xo·now mayʼa ʔoče·yitʰa Not always decorated with people decoration. ʔoče·yitʰa tʰihinʼ ha·ŋi tʰaw ʔanikʼ kʼačʼiwhat They use other decorations for their baskets. underlying form: ʔoče·yi/ -tʰa. Morph: causative. Variant: ʔočo·yitʰa.

ʔočoy   n. design, color, decoration. tʰa šumlelaʔ mayʼin ʔočoy The hat with people's decoration. underlying form: ʔočoy/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔočoy/   n-theme. design, decoration, color. nominative: ʔočoy. accusative: ʔočay. durative present: ʔočoyi·tʰa. Note: Related language Yawelamni ʔožoy

ʔočo·yitʰa   v. decorating. underlying form: ʔočoy/ -tʰa. Morph: durative. Variant: ʔoče·yitʰa.

-ʔočʼ   afx. neutral agentive. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔočʼočʼ   n. scrub jay. Variant: ʔocʼocʼ.

ʔočʼow   n. hair. Variant: ʔoṭʼow.

ʔocʼocʼ   n. magpie, scrub jay. Variant: ʔočʼočʼ.

ʔohoyo   n. colds (illness). ʔamaʔ ʔan tʼapʼtʼapʼ tiʔaniyin tʰaʔan ʔohoyo And its leaves make tea for colds.

ʔoho·čʰinat   v. want. ʔam makʼ hiyamʼa še·šat to·yatyaš ʔoho·čʰinat hin xo·ʔoxiʔ tuy ʔamaʔ yow hiyamxaš You and I have not eaten meat for a long time, won't we want some food for tomorrow? Phon: this consultant pronounces the second vowel differently here underlying form: ʔo·ho/ -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔoho·ʔoš   v. was wanting. ʔoho·ʔoš naʔ nim nan pʼuʔwita I wanted you to kiss me. underlying form: ʔo·ho/ -oš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔoho·ʔot   v. wanting. temtam naʔ nim ʔoho·ʔot I want to think. han mam tʰaŋ ʔoho·ʔot What do you want? underlying form: ʔo·ho/ -ot. Morph: durative present.

ʔokuʔkuʔ   n. frog. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔukukkuʔ Chukchansi ʔukukkuʔ (NAS)

ʔokʰnaš   v. was drinking. ʔokʰnaš naʔ I was dinking. underlying form: #ʔukun -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔokʰnat   v. drinking. xo·now ʔokʰnat Always drinking. ʔokʰnat naʔ I am drinking. ʔam tʰihinʼ čʼičʼkʼa ʔokʰnat mayʼ we·ʔi pʰawʼtat ʔanikʼ ʔopʰšu They don't drink cold things while completing their period. underlying form: #ʔukun -at. Morph: durative present. Variant: ʔukʰnat.

ʔokʰnutʰ   v. was drunk by x. hiyam ʔokʰnutʰ It was drunk. underlying form: #ʔukun -itʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔomoṭʰučʼuʔ   n. thumb.

-ʔona   afx. passive verbal noun. Morph: passive verbal noun.

-ʔ...onʼo   afx. passive verbal noun. Morph: passive verbal noun.

ʔopʰiš/   n-theme. moon, month. nominative: ʔupʰiš. accusative: ʔopʰšu. genitive: ʔupʰšin. locative: ʔopʰšiw. acquisitive: ʔupʰišna·tʰa. predicated gerundial: ʔupʰišnaŋṭʰi. passive future: ʔupʰištuŋiṭʰ. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔopʰ Chukchansi ʔopʰ (NAS)

ʔopʰot/   n-theme. day, days, sun. nominative: ʔopʰoʔtoʔ. locative: ʔopʰoʔtow. Pl: ʔupʰithat. intensive possessor: ʔopʰotiyin. See: Yaw ʔopʰ 'moon' Chuk ʔopʰ 'sun'.

ʔopʰotiyin   n. sunny. ʔamaʔ čʰuŋo·huy ʔan ʔɨtkʰa ʔɨtkʰat teyaw ʔopʰotiyin tʰašikʼ tʰaʔan čʰuŋo·tat And they finish singing their last song before the sun comes up. underlying form: ʔopʰot/ -iyin. Morph: intensive possessor.

ʔopʰotšiw   n. on the sun, in the sun. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔopʰotšiw ʔan ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ yow munʼaw ʔotʼyit Then they put it outside in the sun again, underlying form: #ʔopʰot -šiw. Morph: non-directive gerundial.

ʔopʰotšu   v. was day. underlying form: #ʔopʰot -ši. Morph: aorist. Variant: ʔopʰutši.

ʔopʰoʔtow   n. on the sun, on the month. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʔ tʰaŋ wɨtʼa·ʔat ʔopʰoʔtow They spread it out in the sun. underlying form: ʔopʰot/ -ʔ- -ow. Morph: absolutive locative case.

ʔopʰoʔtoʔ   n. day, days, sun. hawšuntʰaw ʔopʰoʔtoʔ šiymanutʰa However many days to dry. ʔamaʔ yetʰaw kʼaw ʔopʰoʔtoʔ tʰaxinši And he came the next day. underlying form: ʔopʰoʔto/ -ʔ. Morph: nominative case.

ʔopʰo·yʼa   n. dad. Morph: diminutive form. Note: Possibly related to Yawelmani nopʰopʰ 'father'

ʔopʰšiw   n. moon, month. yetʼ yow pʰoŋya ʔan ʔopʰšiw one or two months. underlying form: ʔopʰiš/ -iw. Morph: locative.

ʔopʰšu   n. month. ʔamaʔ tʰihin pʰawʼta·tʰa poŋya ʔopʰšu Then they fill it in to two months. underlying form: ʔopʰiš/ -u. Morph: accusative case.

ʔopʰutši   v. was day. hiyam ʔopʰutši It was day. underlying form: #ʔopʰot -ši. Morph: aorist. Variant: ʔopʰotšu.

ʔopʼonʼo   n. acorn cooking basket. See: pʼonʼo 'cooking basketʼ.

ʔopʼʔopʼʔiš   v. made round. ʔopʼʔopʼʔiš ṭʼatʰa·ŋi oak balls. underlying form: ʔupʼ -0 -iš. Morph: reduplicated aorist.

ʔopʼʔupʼwitaʔhanʼa   n. round things, those things that were made round. underlying form: ʔupʼ/ -witi -ʔhanʼa. Morph: reduplicated plural form-witi passive verbal noun. See: ʔupʼahanʼa.

ʔoš   n. stealing. ʔɨkʼa·ʔat nim ʔoš They saw me stealing. Lit: My stealing was seen. underlying form: ʔoš/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔoš   v. steal! underlying form: #ʔu·šu -0. Morph: imperative.

-ʔoš   afx. precative gerundial. Morph: precative gerundial.

ʔoš/   n-theme. stealing. nominative: ʔoš. accusative: ʔoša. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -0. Morph: neutral verbal noun.

ʔoša   n. stealing. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ ʔan ʔoša I saw him stealing. tuše·ʔaš naʔ mam ʔan ʔoša I told you aboaut his stealing. underlying form: ʔoš/-a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔošaʔ   n. bottleneck basket, treasure, money basket. Variant: ʔo·šaʔ.

ʔošhan   v. being stolen. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -han. Morph: passive.

ʔošŋuṭʰ   v. will be stolen. tuy ximamaw hiʔ ʔošŋuṭʰ That food is going to be stolen. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: passive future.

ʔošotʰ/   n-theme. fire. nominative: ʔušitʰ. accusative: ʔoštʰo. dative: ʔoštʰoŋ. ablative: ʔoštʰo·nitʰ. locative: ʔoštʰow. Pl: ʔušitʰhat. intensive possessor: ʔuštʰiyin. acquisitive: ʔušitʰna. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔoṣotʰ Chukchansi ʔoṣitʰ Chukchansi ʔošitʰ (NAS)

ʔoššu   v. stole. ʔoššu maʔ nim woʔoʔownʼa You stole my chicken. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔoššutʰ/   v-theme. steal for x. aorist: ʔoššutʰšu. future: ʔušo·šutʰ. non-directive gerundial: ʔoššutʰšuwšaš. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -šitʰ. Morph: indirective.

ʔoššutʰšu   v. stole for x. ʔoššutʰšu naʔ mam ʔitawʼaŋ I stole the flower for you. underlying form: ʔoššutʰ/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔoššutʰšuwšaš   v. stole for each other. underlying form: ʔoššsutʰ/ -šiw -wiš -aš. Morph: gerundial reflexive-reciprocal durative aorist. Variant: ʔuššutʰšuwšaš.

ʔošta   v. make x steal. ʔošta nan Let me steal. underlying form: ʔosta/ -0. Morph: imperative. Note: consultant translated as 'Let me steal' but normally says this means 'Make me steal'.

ʔošta/   v-theme. make x steal. imperative: ʔošta. aorist: ʔoštaš. future: ʔoštat. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -ta. Morph: causative.

ʔoštaš   v. made x steal. underlying form: ʔošta/ -š. Morph: aorist.

ʔoštat   v. will make x steal. underlying form: ʔošta -t. Morph: future.

ʔoštʰo   n. fire. tɨʔɨs ʔoštʰo Make a fire! underlying form: ʔošotʰ/ -o. Morph: accusative case.

ʔoštʰoŋ   n. fire. underlying form: ʔošotʰ/ -ŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔoštʰow   n. to the fire. ʔamaʔ sunsun tʰaŋ tʰanʔašiš ʔoštʰow ʔan wičʼe·tʰaw Then they were prohibiting the couple from going, so he got a burning stick. underlying form: ʔošotʰ/ -ow. Morph: locative case.

ʔoštʰo·nitʰ   n. away from the fire. underlying form: ʔošotʰ/ -anitʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔoštʰun   v. being stolen. ʔoštʰun nim being stolen by me. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -tʰin. Morph: passive gerundial.

ʔošunšu   v. was stolen. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -in -ši. Morph: medio-passive aorist.

ʔošwuššu   v. stole for each other. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -wiš -ši. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal aorist.

ʔošʔaš   v. let x steal. ʔošʔaš nim Let me steal. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -ʔaš. Morph: precative gerundial.

ʔošʔoš/   v-theme. steal more that once, steal more than one thing. imperative: ʔošʔuš. aorist: ʔošʔuššu. causative: ʔošʔušta. neutral verbal noun: ʔošʔaš. future: ʔušo·ʔuš. neutral agentive: ʔušo·ʔušučʼ. durative present: ʔušoʔšat. durative aorist: ʔušoʔšaš. neutral verbal noun: ʔošʔuš/. underlying form: #ʔu·šu + #ʔu·šu. Morph: redulpicate verb to mark repetitive action.

ʔošʔun   v. while stealing. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -ʔin. Morph: resultative gerundial.

ʔošʔuš   n. stealing more than once. ʔošʔuš ʔankin Those two stealing repeatedly. underlying form: #ʔošʔoš -0. Morph: repetitive neutral verbal noun.

ʔošʔuš   v. steal more than once! underlying form: ʔošʔoš/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔošʔuššu   v. stole more than once. underlying form: ʔošʔoš/ -šu. Morph: aorist.

ʔošʔušta   v. make x steal more than once. underlying form: ʔošʔoš/ -ta. Morph: causative.

ʔot   prt. interrogative particle. meṭʰ maʔ ʔot ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ Are you a good swimmer? Morph: Interrogative, usually follows the interrogated word. See: tiʔ.

ʔotot   n. ball. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔolol

ʔotʰit/   v-theme. dig. future: ʔutʰtin. future: ʔutʰtit. durative present: ʔotʰtat. causative: ʔutʰittin. resultative gerundial: ʔotʰitʔin. passive gerundial: ʔotʰtuŋiṭʰ.

ʔotʰitʔin   v. after digging. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔotʰitʔin wɨxi When they dig a lot. underlying form: ʔotʰit/ -ʔin. Morph: resultative gerundial.

ʔotʰtat   v. digging. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ kʼamʼayʼaʔ ʔotʰtat They are digging Mariposa Lilies. underlying form: ʔotʰit/ -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔotʰtuŋiṭʰ   n. digging. underlying form: ʔotʰit/ -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: predicated gerundial.

ʔotʼoy   n. putting. nay maʔ tʰaŋ hiʔ miṭʰe·ʔat teyaw min ʔotʼoy čʼakši Like when you make it bigger before you put your straw grass in. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ toʔṭʼow ʔanikʼ ʔotʼoy kʼiwe·tʰaw ʔan Then they put the baby on their head on it's back. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔotʼoy   v. put! ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ tʰašti xa·yaxiy kʼə·xaʔin hite·tʰaw ʔotʼoy woŋ And they were all saying "Hide, put your money wherever." underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔotʼoyčʰinat   v. wanting to put. ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ ṭʼikʼe·na ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ ʔotʼyit hitew maʔ tʰaŋ ʔotʼoyčʰinat Then tie them (into a bundle) and then put it wherever you want to put it. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔotʼoyčʼi   n. one who puts. underlying form: ʔotʼo·yičʼ/ -i. Morph: accusative case.

ʔotʼoyhon   v. was put by x. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -hon. Morph: passive.

ʔotʼoyhonʼo   n. that which has been put. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ʔhonʼo. Morph: passive verbal noun.

ʔotʼoyinši   v. was put, put yourself. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -in -ši. Morph: medio-passive aorist.

ʔotʼoyŋiṭʰ   v. will be put by x. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: passive future.

ʔotʼoyši   v. put. naʔ tʰaŋ ʔotʼoyši I put it. ʔamaʔ tiŋtaw kʼačʼe·čʼayʼo pʰuṭʰoŋ ʔan ʔotʼoyši tiŋtaw Then lizard put his hand in the dirt. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔotʼoyšitʰ/   v-theme. put for x. aorist: ʔotʼoyšitʰši. future: ʔotʼoyšitʰin. future: ʔotʼoyšotʰ. underlying form: #ʔotʼoy -šitʰ. Morph: indirective.

ʔotʼoyšitʰin   v. will put for x. xew naʔ mamhiʔ ʔotʼoyšitʰin I will put it there for you. underlying form: ʔotʼoyšit/ -in. Morph: future. Variant: ʔotʼoyšotʰ.

ʔotʼoyšitʰši   v. was put for x. underlying form: ʔotʼoyšit/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔotʼoyšiw   v. put aside. ʔamaʔ ṭʼuxit tʰaŋ maxši ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ ʔotʼoyšiw And Eagle took it and put it aside. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -šiw. Morph: non-directive gerundial.

ʔotʼoyšotʰ   v. will put for x. xew naʔ mam ʔotʼoyšotʰ I will put it there for you. underlying form: ʔotʼoyšitʰ/ -0. Morph: future. Variant: ʔotʼoyšitʰši.

ʔotʼoyto   v. put it repeatedly! underlying form: ʔotʼoyto/ -0. Morph: repetitive imperative.

ʔotʼoyto/   v-theme. put repeatedly. imperative: ʔoṭʼoyto. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ta. Morph: repetitive.

ʔotʼoytʰin   v. being put. ʔotʼoytʰin ʔan When she put it. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -tʰin. Morph: passive gerundial.

ʔotʼoywiš/   n-theme. put for each other. aorist: ʔotʼoywišši. future: ʔotʼoywišin. imperative: ʔotʼoywoš. durative present: ʔotʼoywišat. underlying form: #ʔotʼoy -wiš. Morph: reflexive-reciprocal.

ʔotʼoywišat   v. put on themselves. ʔamaʔ tʰaw tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ʔotʼoywišat Then they put it on themselves. underlying form: ʔotʼoywiš/-at. Morph: durative present.

ʔotʼoywišin   v. will put for each other. underlying form: ʔotʼoywiš/-in. Morph: future.

ʔotʼoywišši   v. was put for each other. underlying form: ʔotʼoywiš/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔotʼoywoš   v. put for each other! underlying form: ʔotʼoywiš/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔotʼoyʔiy   n. place to put things. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ʔiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔotʼoyʔoš   v. let x put. ʔotʼoyʔoš ʔan Let him put it! underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ʔoš. Morph: precative gerundial.

ʔotʼoʔyonʼo   n. put by x, already put there, somebody put it there, it's supposed to be there. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ʔ...anʼa. Morph: passive verbal noun.

ʔotʼo·yičʼ   n. one who puts. underlying form: ʔotʼo·yičʼ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔotʼo·yičʼ/   n-theme. one who puts. nominative: ʔotʼo·yičʼ. accusative: ʔotʼoyčʼi. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔotʼo·yin   v. will put. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ kʼačʼawo ʔotʼo·yin ṭʰe·ʔiw Then they will put the basket in the house. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -in. Morph: future.

ʔotʼo·yitʰ   v. was put by. ʔotʼo·yitʰ witʰe·pin It was put by the boy. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -itʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔotʼo·yot   v. might put. hičʰa naʔ naʔas tʰaŋ ʔotʼo·yot I might put it. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -at. Morph: dubitative.

ʔotʼyiŋiṭʰ   v. being decorated, being placed. ʔamaʔ tʰa ʔaxiʔčʰi xew ṭʰipʰin ʔaniyčʼiw ʔan ʔotʼyiŋiṭʰ And the ring around the top of the cradleboard is decorated that way. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: perdicated gerundial.

ʔotʼyiš   v. was putting. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -iš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔotʼyit   v. putting, pick. ʔama tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ʔotʼyit ha·ʔaw tʰa ṭʼatʼaw Then they put it under the tree. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔotʼyit ʔopʰoʔtoʔ hawtaw tʰihinʼ tuyo·na Then they pick a day when they will eat. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -it. Morph: durative present.

ʔotʼyo   n. putting. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -0 -o. Morph: neutral verbal noun accusative case.

ʔoṭʼow   n. hair. ʔə·kʼaš naʔ ʔoṭʼow I saw the hair. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -0. Morph: nominative and accusative case. Variant: ʔočʼow.

ʔoṭʼow/   n-theme. hair. nominative: ʔoṭʼow. accusative: ʔoṭʼow. dative: ʔoṭʼowoŋ. genitive: ʔoṭʼowon. ablative: ʔoṭʼowonitʰ. locative: ʔoṭʼowow. Pl: ʔuṭʼiwhat. intensive possessor: ʔuṭ'wiyin. resident: ʔuṭʼwinʼin. acquisitive: ʔuṭʼiwna. acquisitive: ʔuṭʼiwnaštʰit. passive verbal noun: ʔoṭʼowonʼo. Pl: ʔuṭʼiwhat. Note: Related languge Yawelmani ʔoṭʼow 'head, hair'

ʔoṭʼowhat   n. hairs. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -hat. Morph: plural. Variant: ʔuṭʼiwhat.

ʔoṭʼowon   n. hair's. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -an. Morph: genitive case.

ʔoṭʼowonitʰ   n. from the hair. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -initʰ. Morph: ablative case.

ʔoṭʼowonʼo   v. that which has hair. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -ʔ...anʼa. Morph: passive verbal noun nominative case.

ʔoṭʼowoŋ   n. hair. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -oŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔoṭʼowow   n. on the hair. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -ow. Morph: locative case.

ʔowon   n. boat. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔowon Chukchansi ʔowonʼ (NAS)

ʔowoyutʰas   n. yellow poppy. Variant: ʔowoyʼutʼas.

ʔowoyʼutʼas   n. yellow, yellow poppy. Variant: ʔowoyutʰas.

ʔoyyat   v. starting a basket. Note: pictures from Gamble beginning the initial coil and the first coils beginning a new basket. Note: Here is Cecile telling how she makes the basket start: 1. ʔoyyat kʼačʼaw ho·pʰut šo·pʰin waʔa (max) 2. ʔamaʔ čʼatikʼ toynow 3. ʔamaʔ yow max ho·pʰut pʰetʰpʰitʰ ṭʰipʰin xiŋ šo·pʰin ho·pʰut 4. hawit nay maʔ ʔoho·ʔot ʔan tɨʔsa miṭʰaʔa 5. ʔamaʔ maʔ tʰaŋ ŋəʔwɨn 5. ʔamaʔ maʔ tʰaŋ tixtin 6. ʔamaʔ maʔ ho·pʰutŋu tʰaŋ čʼakšiyin 7. nay maʔ tʰaŋ hiʔ miṭʰe·ʔat teyaw min ʔotʼoy čʼakša 8. hawtaw maʔ čʼakša ʔotʼyit ʔamaʔ hiyamʼa miṭʰe·ʔatʰatʰ 1. When starting a basket, (take) three long roots 2. then bend them in the middle. 3. Then get another root and wind it above the three roots. 4. However big you want to make it. 5. Then you bend it around. 6. And you will weave it. 7. You use the root as straw grass, 8. like when you make it bigger before you put your straw grass in. 9. When you put the straw grass in it is already been made bigger.

ʔoyʔuy   n. roadrunner. underlying form: ʔoyʔuy/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔoyʔuy/   n-theme. roadrunner. nominative: ʔoyʔuy. Pl: ʔoyʔuyhat. Geococcyx californianus. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔoyʔuy Chukchansi ʔoyʔuy Chukchansi ʔuwiyʼ-ʔuwiyʼ (NAS)

ʔoyʔuyhat   n. roadrunners. underlying form: ʔoyʔuy/ -hat. Morph: plural.

ʔoʔča   v. watch! underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -0.

ʔoʔča   v. watching. underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -0.

ʔoʔča/   v-theme. watch. imperative: ʔoʔča. future: ʔoʔčat. durative present: ʔoʔča·tʰa. durative aorist: ʔoʔčatʰaš. durative: ʔoʔčatʰa·ši. consequent adjunctive: ʔoʔčiʔiy. neutral agentive: ʔoʔče·ʔačʼa. neutral agentive: ʔoʔčiʔičʼ. neutral verbal noun: ʔoʔča. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔoʔc̣a·/

ʔoʔčat   v. will watch. underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -t. Morph: future.

ʔoʔčatʰaš   v. was watching. underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -tʰaš. Morph: durative aorist. Variant: ʔoʔčatʰa·ši.

ʔoʔčatʰa·ši   v. was watching. kʰamʼa naʔ ʔoʔčatʰa·ši I was watching the dance. underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -tʰa -ši. Morph: durative aorist. Variant: ʔoʔčatʰaš.

ʔoʔča·tʰa   v. watching. underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -tʰa. Morph: durative present.

ʔoʔče·ʔičʼa   n. watcher. ʔamaʔ ṭʰaʔaṭʰi maxa·ʔat ʔoʔče·ʔičʼa kʰamʼta·tʰa tʰašti wakʼyaŋiṭʰ kʼə·xaŋ The people get the watchers to dance by giving them money. underlying form: ʔoʔčiʔičʼ/ -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔoʔčiʔičʼ   n. watcher. ʔamaʔ ʔɨtkʰačʼi ʔan tʰaštin ʔan ʔɨtkʰat ʔo·mo ʔan ʔuyyu ʔɨtkʰat ʔan ʔɨtkʰa wɨxi ṭʰaʔaṭʰi ʔoʔčiʔičʼ kʼunimʔin ʔoštʰo xo·ʔoxiʔ Then the singers sing their song, when the starter starts the singing a lot of people sit around the bonfire and watch. underlying form: ʔoʔčiʔičʼ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔoʔčiʔičʼ/   n-theme. watcher, one who watches. nominative: ʔoʔčiʔičʼ. accusative: ʔoʔče·ʔiča. underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔoʔčiʔiy   n. television. Lit: watched thing underlying form: ʔoʔča/ -ʔiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔoʔo·ho/   v-theme. look over and over again. durative aorist: ʔoʔo·hoš. Morph: repeated action.

ʔoʔo·hoš   v. looked for. ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ katatimčʰa ʔoʔo·hoš ʔoʔo·hoš ʔam tʰaŋ hitew po·kʼopikʼ And Kadadimcha looked and looked everywhere for her but couldn't find her. underlying form: ʔoʔo·ho/ -aš. Morph: durative aorsit.

ʔo·ho/   v-theme. to look, to want, to seek. durative present: ʔoho·ʔot. durative aorist: ʔoho·ʔoš. desiderative: ʔoho·čʰinat. repetitive: ʔoʔo·ho/. Note: Related language Chukchansi ʔɔhyɔ 'want, seek'

ʔo·la   n. gold. From: Spanish oro. Note: Related language Chukchansi ʔo·roʔ (NAS)

ʔo·mo   prt. when, at first. ʔamaʔ ʔɨtkʰačʼi ʔan tʰaštin ʔan ʔɨtkʰat ʔo·mo ʔan ʔuyyu ʔɨtkʰat ʔan ʔɨtkʰa wɨxi ṭʰaʔaṭʰi ʔoʔčiʔičʼ kʼunimʔin ʔoštʰo xo·ʔoxiʔ Then the singers sing their song, when the starter starts the singing a lot of people sit around the bonfire and watch. Morph: adverbial particle.

ʔo·pʰopʰiš   n. oak ball, a ball shaped growth on oak trees that is used as a medicine for burns. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔopoʔpiṣ

ʔo·šat   v. might steal. naʔ naʔas ʔo·šat I should steal. hičʰa naʔas ʔo·šat He might steal. Note: While the sentence hičʰa naʔas ʔo·šat is acceptable, the preferred way to say "He might steal" is hičʰa yow ʔušo·ʔučʼ underlying form: #ʔu·šu -at. Morph: dubitative.

ʔo·šaʔ   n. bottleneck basket. Note: Here is Cecile's discussion about a bottleneck basket she was making: 1. təʔsat naʔ kʼačʼaw 2. tʰišamyiw nim ʔuya·yitʰ 3. ʔamaʔ naʔ ŋa·waw ʔopʰoʔtow kʼənwat nahni yitʼan yow we·ʔi puŋyʼit 4. yow nahni čuʔupanʼa nahni ʔam waʔa tʰaŋ čʼo·wʼotʰo 5. ʔamaʔ naʔ ʔuče·yišta tʰaŋ ṭʰəʔətɨn ʔočay 6. hiyam naʔ ʔam ʔo·šaʔ təʔsaš 7. ʔamaʔ tʰaŋ xiŋ tamna·tʰa ʔošaʔ naʔ tʰaŋ təʔsat 8. hinwitʔin pʰawʼe·na ṭɨmkʼɨtʰɨn mono·xičʼ 9. pe·nat nim mono·xičʼ yow hawʼečeyʼ ho·pʰut yow maxa·ʔat 1. I am making a basket. 2. I started it in the springtime. 3. And I sometimes put down one or two rows a day. 4. or sometimes a half row or sometimes I don't work on it long. 5. And I am decorating it with the rattlesnake design. 6. I haven't made a bottleneck basket recently. 7. And I am trying to make this, to make a bottleneck basket. 8. I am not sure I have enough black, black root. 9. My black root is low and it is hard to get those roots. Note: Here are a couple of Cecile's Bottleneck baskets: Note: pictures from Gamble Note: also called a money basket Note: Related language Chukchansi ʔo·ṣaʔ Variant: ʔošaʔ.

ʔo·šun   v. will steal. hičʰa naʔ tʰaŋ yow ʔo·šun I might steal it. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -in. Morph: future.

ʔo·šutʰ   v. was stolen by x. xi ʔan tʰa ʔo·šutʰ This is the one he stole. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -itʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔuče·yi   v. will decorate. underlying form: ʔuše·yi/ -0. Morph: future.

ʔuče·yiš   v. decorated. underlying form: ʔoče·yi/ -š. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔuče·yišta   v. decorate for someone! underlying form: ʔoče·yi/ -ištʰa -0. Morph: indirective imperative.

ʔuče·yit   v. decorating. underlying form: ʔoče·yi/ -it. Morph: durative present.

ʔučʰičʰ   n. narrow.

-ʔučʼ   afx. neutral agentive. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔučʼoʔučʰ   n. something scary.

ʔuhu   v. cough! underlying form: ʔuhu/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔuhu/   v-theme. cough. imperative: ʔuhu. durative: ʔuhutʰa. See: #ʔuhwiti. Note: Related language Chukchansi ʔo·huyʼ

ʔuhutʰa   v. coughing. wɨxnat ʔuʔutʰa I am coughing a lot. underlying form: ʔuhu/ -tʰa. Morph: durative.

ʔuhwit   v. cough! underlying form: #ʔuhwiti -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔuhwite·na   v. will cough. underlying form: ʔuhwiti/ -i·na. Morph: future.

ʔuhwiti/   v-theme. cough. imperative: ʔuhwit. future: ʔuhwite·na. aorist: ʔuhwitši. See: ʔuhu/. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔuhwiyi Chukchansi ʔo·huyʼ Chukchansi ʔoho·yotʰ (NAS)

ʔuhwitši   v. coughed. ʔuhwitši naʔ I coughed. underlying form: #ʔuhwiti -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔuhʔuhwit   v. cough over and over! underlying form: ʔuhʔuhwiti/ -0. Morph: imperative. Variant: ʔuhʔuhwuy.

ʔuhʔuhwiti/   v-theme. cough over and over again. aorist: ʔuhʔuhwutšu. imperative: ʔuhʔuhwit. imperative: ʔuhʔuhwuy. Morph: repetitive form of ʔuhwiti/ marking repeated action.

ʔuhʔuhwutšu   v. coughed over and over again. underlying form: ʔuhʔuhwiti/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔuhʔuhwuy   v. cough over and over! underlying form: ʔuhʔuhwiti/ -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔukančʰinat   v. want to drink. maʔ ʔukančʰinat Do you want to drink? underlying form: #ʔukun -čʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔukna   n. drink. underlying form: ʔukun -a. Morph: accusative case.

ʔuknaŋ   n. drink. underlying form: ʔukun -aŋ. Morph: dative case.

ʔukonŋiṭʰ   v. will be drunk by. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ taʔatat ʔukonŋiṭʰ taʔatat Then they get over the dizziness, the ones who would be drunk by it get well. underlying form: #ʔukun -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: passive future.

ʔuko·nʼutʰa   v. making someone drink. yetʼ mayʼ ʔuko·nʼutʰa tʰa·ŋi watʰaw ʔoho·ʔot ʔan taŋyiwšu One person made whoever wants to get dizzy drink it. underlying form: #ʔukun -0 -tʰa. Morph: causative durative present.

ʔuko·nʼuʔ   v. make someone drink! ʔuko·nʼuʔ tʰaŋ Make him drink! underlying form: #ʔukun -i -0. Morph: causative imperative.

ʔuko·nʼuʔtaš   v. made someone drink over and over again. ʔulo·nʼuʔtʰaš naʔ tʰaŋ I made him drink several times. underlying form: #ʔukun -i -ta -š. Morph: causative repetitive aorist.

ʔukṭʼuṭʼun   n. drunkard.

ʔukun   v. drink! ʔukun maʔ You drink! underlying form: #ʔukun -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔukun   v. will drink. ʔukun nihiʔ I'm going to drink. ʔukun naʔ ʔaypʰun teyaw nim tuya I will drink first before I eat. underlying form: #ʔukun -0. Morph: future.

ʔukun/   n-theme. drink. accusative: ʔukna. dative: ʔuknaŋ.

ʔukunšu   v. drank. ʔukunšu naʔ I drank. underlying form: #ʔukun -šu. Morph: aorist.

ʔukunʔun   v. while drinking. tʰaŋ tʰihinʼ ʔukunʔun taŋayin They would get dizzy drinking it. underlying form: #ʔukun -ʔin. Morph: resultative gerundial.

ʔukʰnat   v. drinking. underlying form: #ʔukun -at. Morph: durative present. Variant: ʔokʰnat.

ʔukʰučʰ   n. vomit. Variant: huxučʰ.

ʔunaw   n. Sand Flat -- placename. nahni nan tʰanaʔat ʔunaw ʔipʰe·ʔičʼ Sometimes we went swimming at Sand Flat.

ʔune·tʰopʰi   n. mothers-in-law. underlying form: ʔuntʰipʰ/ -i. Morph: plural.

ʔunmit   n. daughter-in-law. See: Yaw ʔonmil Chuk ʔonmil.

ʔuntʰipʰ   n. mother-in-law. underlying form: ʔuntʰipʰ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔuntʰipʰ/   n-theme. mother-in-law. nominative: ʔuntʰipʰ. Pl: ʔune·tʰopʰi. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔontʰipʰ Chukchansi ʔontʰipʰ

ʔupas   n. grapes. From: Spanish uvas. Note: Related language Chukchansi hu·was (NAS)

ʔupin   n. swelling. See: ʔupʰin ' a sore'.

ʔupʰin   n. a sore. See: ʔupin 'swelling'.

ʔupʰiš   n. moon, month. underlying form: ʔopʰiš/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔupʰišnaŋṭʰi   v. having (her) period. hawtaw tʰihinʼ čʰo·ŋačʰiŋ ʔanikʼ ʔupʰišnaŋṭʰi When they quit their mentrual period. underlying form: ʔopʰiš/ -na- -ŋṭʰi. Morph: acquisitive predicated gerundial.

ʔupʰišna·tʰa   v. have menstrual period. hawtaw mukʼe·ši pʼawʼta·tʰa ʔanikʼ pʼaʔanʼa ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ ʔupʰišna·tʰa When a girl gets of age, she has a menstrual period. ʔam tʰihinʼ to·yatiy še·šatʰ hawtaw tʰihinʼ ʔupʰišna·tʰa They can not eat meat when they have their monthly period. underlying form: ʔopʰiš/ -na- -tʰa. Morph: acquisitive durative present.

ʔupʰištuŋiṭʰ   v. will be having (her) period. yow čaʔaʔpa tʰanaʔat yetʼ ʔopʰšiw tʰaw ʔanikʼ ʔam ʔinšiš ʔupʰištuŋiṭʰ kʼɨnəwšat tʰihinʼ mawṭʰiŋyan And if someone goes for a month without not having a good monthly then they lie down on (hot) mullein. underlying form: ʔopʰiš /-to -ŋiṭʰ. Morph: causative passive future.

ʔupʰithat   n. suns, days. underlying form: ʔopʰot/ -hat. Morph: plural.

ʔupʰithiʔ   v. will be day. underlying form: #ʔopʰot -hiʔ. Morph: future.

ʔupʰšin   n. moon's, month's. ʔə·kʼa naʔaʼ mam hiʔ yitʼšamiw xeʔan ʔupʰšin See you on the fifteenth of the month. underlying form: ʔopʰiš/ in. Morph: genitive case.

ʔupʰyeyyi/   n-theme. dove. nominative: ʔupʰyeyyiʔ. locative: ʔupʰyeyyiw. Note: Related languages Yawelmani ʔupʰlalliʔ Chukchansi ʔupʰlalliʔ (NAS)

ʔupʰyeyyiw   n. dove. ho·yihiy we·ʔi ʔupʰyeyyiw hin hiʔ ha·ʔa pukʼe·na Calling to dove, will you be able to find anythingʔ. underlying form: ʔupʰyeyyiʔ/ -w. Morph: locative case.

ʔupʰyeyyiʔ   n. dove. ʔamaʔ tʰa tʰanši ʔupʰyeyyiʔ ʔamaʔ pukʼši šimiyaʔ And the dove went and found seeds. underlying form: ʔupʰyeyyi/ -ʔ. Morph: absolutive.

ʔupʰyiw   prt. today, all day. he·či naʔ ʔupyiw mo·yinši wɨxnat I'm really tired today. ʔupʰyiw to·yatyaš He ate all day.

ʔupʼ/   n-theme. round. acquisitive: ʔupʼna. passive verbal noun: ʔupʼaʔhanʼa. Pl: ʔopʼʔupʼwitahanʼa. imperative: ʔupʼwit. Note: Related langauge Yawelmani ʔupʼʔupʼwiyi 'become round'

ʔupʼaʔhanʼa   n. made round (single thing). underlying form: ʔupʼ -ʔhanʼa. Morph: passive verbal noun. See: ʔopʼʔupʼwitahanʼa.

ʔupʼna   v. make round! underlying form: ʔupʼ -na- -0. Morph: acquisitive imperative.

ʔupʼučʼ   n. clock. underlying form: ʔupʼ/ -učʼ. Morph: neutral agentive nominative case. Note: Related language Chukchansi ʔo·pʰo (NAS)

ʔupʼukʰšu   n. bud of flower.

ʔupʼwit   v. make round! underlying form: ʔupʼ -witi -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔusitʰ   n. fire. Variant: ʔušitʰ.

ʔusutʰ   n. horn. Note: Related language Yawelmani ʔiṣilʼ

ʔušahanʼa   n. was stolen. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -ʔhanʼa. Morph: passive verbal noun.

ʔušatʰ   v. was stolen. xi ʔan tʰa ʔušatʰ This is the one he stole. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -atʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔuša·ʔaš   v. was stealing. ʔuša·ʔaš naʔ tʰaŋ wa·wʼaw I just stole it yesterday. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔuša·ʔat   v. is stealing. ʔuša·ʔat naʔ tʰaŋ I am stealing it. ʔuša·ʔat ʔan čʼapxa stealing her nest. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔušhačʰinat   v. wants to steal. ʔušhačʰinat naʔ I want to steal. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -hačʰin -at. Morph: desiderative durative present.

ʔušitʰ   n. fire. wɨnat xi ʔušitʰ xa·pʰut This fire is so hot. underlying form: ʔošotʰ/ -0. Morph: nominative case. Variant: ʔusitʰ.

ʔušitʰhat   n. fires. underlying form: ʔošotʰ/ -hat. Morph: plural.

ʔušitʰna   n. start a fire. cʰanum hiyam ʔušitʰna Start the fire now. underlying form: ʔošotʰ/ -na. Morph: acquisitive.

ʔušoʔčʼu   n. stealer. underlying form: ʔušo·ʔučʼ/ -u. Morph: accusative case.

ʔušoʔšaš   v. stole more than once. underlying form: ʔošʔoš/ -aš. Morph: durative aorist.

ʔušoʔšat   v. stealing more than once. underlying form: ʔošʔoš/ -at. Morph: durative present.

ʔušo·huy   n. stealing place. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -hiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔušo·šutʰ   v. will steal for x. mam nihiʔ ʔušo·šutʰ I will steal for you. underlying form: ʔoššutʰ/ -0. Morph: future.

ʔušo·ʔučʼ   n. stealer. hičʰa yow ʔušo·ʔučʼ He might steal (might be a stealer). underlying form: ʔušo·ʔučʼ/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔušo·ʔučʼ/   n-theme. one who steals. nominative: ʔušo·ʔučʼ. accusative: ʔušoʔčʼu. underlying form: #ʔu·šu -ičʼ. Morph: neutral agentive.

ʔušo·ʔuš   v. will steal more than once. underlying form: ʔošʔoš/ -0. Morph: repetitive future.

ʔušo·ʔušučʼ   n. one who steals more than once, stealer. underlying form: ʔošʔoš/ -učʼ. Morph: repetitive neutral agentive nominative case.

ʔuššutʰšuwšaš   v. stole for each other. ʔuššutʰšuwšaš tʰihikʼ They stole for each other. underlying form: ʔoššutʰ/ -šiw -wiš -aš. Morph: gerundial reflexive-reciprocal durative aorist. Variant: ʔoššutʰšuwšaš.

ʔuštʰiyin   n. has fire all the time, wood that has a lot of fire in it. underlying form: ʔušitʰ/ -iyin. Morph: intensive possessor.

ʔutix   n. pillow. Note: Related langauges Yawelmani ʔotʰix Chukchansi ʔotix (NAS)

ʔutiyʼiyʼiw   n. in the container. ʔamaʔ tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ʔotʼyit ʔanikʼ ʔutiyʼiyʼiw And they put it into their container. Morph: locative case.

ʔutʰeʔyi   v. make it be put. underlying form: #ʔotʼo·y -i. Morph: causative.

ʔutʰittin   v. will make someone dig. underlying form: ʔotʰit/ -ta -in. Morph: causative future.

ʔutʰtin   v. will dig. underlying form: ʔotʰit/ -in. Morph: future. Variant: ʔutʰit.

ʔutʰtit   v. will dig. ʔutʰit tʰihinʼ tʰaŋ ʔanikʼ šitʰitčiŋ They will dig it with their digging stick. underlying form: ʔotʰit/ -t. Morph: future. Variant: ʔutʰtin.

ʔutʰuy   v. push! underlying form: #?ut?uy -0. Morph: imperative.

ʔutʰuyšu   v. pushed. underlying form: #ʔutʰuy -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔuṭ'wiyin   n. lots of hair, hairy one. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -iyin. Morph: intensive possessor.

ʔuṭʰu   n. Manzanita. Variant: ʔapʰṭʰuw.

ʔuṭʰuti   n. door. kʼiwetʰaw ʔuṭʰuti back door. Variant: ʔaṭʰuti.

ʔuṭʼiwhat   n. hairs. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -hat. Morph: plural nominative case. Variant: ʔoṭʼowhat.

ʔuṭʼiwna   v. make it hairy. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -na -0. Morph: acquisitive imperative.

ʔuṭʼiwnaštʰit   v. getting some hair for x. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -na- -šitʰ -it. Morph: acquisitive indirective durative aorist.

ʔuṭʼwinʼin   n. the hair place, lot of hair. underlying form: ʔoṭʼow/ -inʼin. Morph: resident.

ʔuwikʼ   n. condor.

ʔuwinši   v. fell.

ʔuwitši   v. crack. hiyam ṭʰil ʔuwitši It is beginning to crack.

-ʔuy   afx. consequent adjunctive. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔuyayoʔuy   n. starting line, starter. underlying form: ʔuyyu/ -ʔiy. Morph: consequent adjunctive.

ʔuya·yitʰ   v. was started by someone. tʰišamyiw nim ʔuya·yitʰ I started it in the springtime. underlying form: ʔuyyu/ -itʰ. Morph: passive aorist.

ʔuyyaw   n. at the start. ʔo·mo ʔopʰšiw ʔuyyaw tʰanši naʔakʼ franki yow naʔ Franky and I went at the beginning of the month. underlying form: ʔuyyu/ -aw. Morph: locative case.

ʔuyyu   n. at the start. ʔamaʔ ʔɨtkʰačʼi ʔan tʰaštin ʔan ʔɨtkʰat ʔo·mo ʔan ʔoyyiw ʔɨtkʰat ʔan ʔɨtkʰa wɨxi ṭʰaʔaṭʰi ʔoʔčiʔičʼ kʼunimʔin ʔoštʰo xo·ʔoxiʔ Then the singers sing their song, when the starter starts the singing a lot of people sit around the bonfire and watch. underlying form: ʔuyyu/ -0. Morph: nominative case.

ʔuyyu/   v-theme. to start. durative present: ʔoyyat. future: ʔuyyun. passive aorist: ʔuya·yitʰ. consequent adjunctive: ʔuyayoʔuy. neutral verbal noun: ʔuyyu. locative: ʔuyyaw.

ʔuyyun   v. will start. xoʔ xew hanʼiʔ naʔ ʔuyyun nim tuya Sit here, I am just beginning my meal. underlying form: ʔuyyu/ -in. Morph: future.

ʔuyʼin   n. full. underlying form: ʔuyʼin/ -0.

ʔuyʼin/   v-theme. full. imperative: ʔuyʼin. aorist: ʔuyʼinši.

ʔuyʼinši   v. was full. underlying form: ʔuyʼin/ -ši. Morph: aorist.

ʔuyʼu/   v-theme. own. passive aorist: ʔuyʼuʔutʰ. Note: Relate language Yawelmani ʔo·yo 'to move your habitation'

ʔuyʼuʔutʰ   v. was owned by. ʔamaʔ našo·šun nimikʼ ʔuyʼuʔutʰ pʼaʔanʼ ṭʰišaw And our mother used to own the land at the homeplace/. underlying form: ʔuyʼu/ -tʰ. Morph: passive aorist.